Abstract
Based on a combination of molecular and morphological characters, two endemic Hawaiian genera, Titanochaeta Knab and Grimshawomyia Hardy, are transferred to subgenera within the genus Scaptomyza Hardy as is the Drosophila subgenus Engiscaptomyza Kaneshiro. Replacement names for three preoccupied species, Scaptomyza (Titanochaeta) neoevexa O’Grady et al., nom. nov. (for Titanochaeta evaza Hardy), S. (Titanochaeta) neokauaiensis O’Grady et al., nom. nov. (for Titanochaeta kauaiensis Hardy), and S. (Titanochaeta) neosilvicola O’Grady et al., nom. nov. (for Titanochaeta silvicola Hardy), are proposed. This brings the total number of described species in the genus Scaptomyza to 272, of which 141 are endemic to the Hawaiian Archipelago. In comparison, the genus Drosophila contains 368 species endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Keys for the identification of the Hawaiian subgenera of Scaptomyza and species of Engiscaptomyza, Titanochaeta, and Grimshawomyia are also included.
References
Bonacum, J. (2001) Molecular systematics of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Bonacum, J., O’Grady, P.M. & DeSalle, R. (In press) Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Pacific Science
Bremer, K. (1988). The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42, 795-803.
Clayton, F.E., Carson, H.L. & Sato, J.E. (1972) Polytene chromosome relationships in Hawaiian species of Drosophila. VI. Supplementary data on metaphases and gene sequences. University of Texas Publications, 7213, 163-177.
Coquillett, D.W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499-647.
Fallén, F. (1823) Diptera Sueciae. II. Dipterorum antennis paramarticulatis instructoram. Sectionen posteriorem continens. Berlingianis, Lund.
Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783-791.
Felsenstein, J. (1988) Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annual Review of Genetics, 22, 521-565.
Frey, R. (1954) Diptera Brachycera und Sciaridae von Tristan da Cunha. Results of the Norwegian Expedition to Tristan da Cunha (1937-1938), 26, 1-55.
Grimaldi, D.A. (1987) Phylogenetics and taxonomy of Zygothrica (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 186, 103-268.
Grimshaw, P.H. (1901) Diptera. Pp. 1-77 in Fauna Hawaiiensis. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, London.
Hackman, W. (1959). On the Genus Scaptomyza Hardy (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 97, 3-73.
Hackman, W. (1962) On Hawaiian Scaptomyza species (Dipt., Drosophilidae). Notulae Entomologicae, 42, 33-42.
Hackman, W. (1982) The relation between the genera Scaptomyza and Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 48, 97-104.
Hardy, D.E. (1965) Diptera: Cyclorrhapha II, Series Schizophora, Section Acalypterae I, Family Drosophilidae. Insects of Hawaii, 12, 1-814.
Hardy, J. (1849) Note on remedies for the turnip-fly amongst the ancients, and on the turnip-fly of New Holland, with notice of a new genus and species of Diptera. History of the Berwickshire Naturalist’s Club, 2, 359-362.
Hendel, F. (1928) Über die minierenden europäischen Scaptomyza-Arten und ihre Biologie (Diptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 76, 289-302.
Kaneshiro, K.Y. (1969) The Drosophila crassifemur group of species in a new subgenus. University of Texas Publications, 6918, 79-83.
Kaneshiro, K.Y. [1977] A revision of generic concepts in the biosystematics of Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 22(1976), 255-278.
Kaneshiro, K.Y. (1997) R.C.L. Perkins’ legacy to evolutionary research on Hawaiian Drosophilidae (Diptera). Pacific Science, 51, 450-461.
Knab, F. (1914) Drosophilidae with parasitic larvae. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 2(1), 165-169.
Malloch, J.R. (1934) Additional new species and other records of acalyptrate Diptera (Sapromyzidae, Asteiidae, Drosophilidae, Ephydridae and Trypetidae) from the Marquesas Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 114, 179-200.
Nishida, G.M. (2002) Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist. Fourth edition. Bishop Museum Technical Report, 22, iv + 313 p.
Patterson, J.T. & Stone, W.S. (1952) Evolution in the genus Drosophila. Macmillan Company, New York. 610 p.
Throckmorton, L.H. (1966) The relationships of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae. University of Texas Publications, 6615, 335-396.
Wheeler, M.R. (1981) The Drosophilidae: a taxonomic overview. In: The genetics and biology of Drosophila. Volume 3a (M. Ashburner, J.N. Thompson, and H.L. Carson, eds.) Pp. 1-97. Academic Press, London.
Wheeler, M.R. (1986) Additions to the catalog of the world’s Drosophilidae. In The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, Volume 3e (M. Ashburner, J.N. Thompson, & H.L. Carson, eds.) Pp. 395-409. Academic Press, London.
Wirth, W.W. (1952) Two new spider egg predators from the Hawaiian Islands (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 14, 415-417.
Yoon, J.S., Resch K., Wheeler, M.R., & Richardson, R.H. (1975) Evolution in Hawaiian Drosophilidae: chromosomal phylogeny of the Drosophila crassifemur complex. Evolution, 29, 249-256.