Abstract
The Eucoilinae (Cynipoidea, Figitidae) are koinobiont endoparasitoids of dipterous larvae and along with the Opiinae (Braconidae) they are the most important natural enemies of the frugivorous flies (Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae and Drosophilidae). This paper deals with the identity, geographical distribution and host associations of eucoiline species with these biological characteristics in Brazil and provides a key for their identification. Eight species are studied, namely: Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rohwer, 1919), Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier, 1935; Tropideucoila weldi Costa Lima, 1940, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes, 1924), A. nordlanderi Wharton, 1998, Trybliographa infuscata Gallardo, Diaz & Uchôa, 2000, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead, 1896 and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton & Kelner-Pillaut, 1979). New geographic records for Brazil are provided for L. anastrephae, T. weldi, D. grenadensis, O. anastrephae, T. infuscata and L. boulardi. Bionomic observations suggest that A. pelleranoi is the species most frequently associated with tephritid flies and probably, the most useful as a biological control agent. Lopheucoila anastrephae is an important parasitoid of lonchaeids and D. grenadensis and L. boulardi are natural enemies of drosophilids.
References
Aluja, M. (1994) Bionomics and Management of Anastrepha. Annual Review of Entomology, 39, 155–178.
Ashmead, W.H. (1896) Report on the parasitic Hymenoptera of the Island of Grenada, comprising the families Cynipidae, Ichneumonidae, Braconidae and Proctotrupidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1895, 742–812.
Ashmead, W.H. (1903) Classification of the gall-wasps and parasitic cynipoids, of the Superfamily Cynipoidea. II. Psyche, 10, 59–73.
Barbotin, F., Carton, Y., Kelner-Pillaut, S. (1979). Morphologie et biologie de Cothonaspis (Cothonaspis) boulardi n. sp. parasite de Drosophiles. Bulletin de Societé entomologiqué de France, 84, 20–26.
Borgmeier, T. (1935) Sobre alguns cynipideos parasíticos e cecidógenos do Brasil (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Archivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal, 2(1), 97–124.
Brèthes, J. (1924) Vários himenópteros de la América del Sur. Nunquam otiosus, 2, 10–11.
Costa Lima, (1940) Alguns parasitos de mosca-das-frutas. Annais da Academia Brasileira de Scienciae, 12(1), 17–20.
De Santis, L. (1965) Nota sobre um parasito de la mosca sudamericana de la fruta (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 27(1–4), 73–74.
De Santis, L. (1980) Catálogo de los himenópteros brasileños de la serie parasitica, incluyendo Bethyloidea. Editora da Universidade Federal do Paraná: Curitiba, 395 pp.
Dettmer, H. (1929) Ganaspis carvalhoi n.sp. (Hym. Cynipidae) um novo parásito das moscas-dasfrutas (Anastrepha fraterculus Wied.). Boletim Biológico de São Paulo,16, 70–74.
Diaz, N. (1974) Anotaciones sobre cinipoideos Argentinos. I. (Hymenoptera). Neotropica, 20(61), 17–20.
Diaz, N.B.; Gallardo, F.; Ros-Farré, P.; Pujade-Villar, J. (2000) Biodiversity of Cynipoidea from Brazil (Hymenoptera). In: XXI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY, Foz do Iguaçú. Resumos. Foz do Iguaçu: EMBRAPA/SEB, p.124.
Diaz, N. & Gallardo, F. (2001) Aganaspis Lin 1987. Generic enlargment and a key for species present in a neotropical region (Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Eucoilinae). Physis, 58, 91–95.
Fontal-Cazalla, F. M., Buffington, M.L., Nordlander, G., Liljeblad, J., Ros-Farré, P., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Pujade-Villar, J. & Ronquist, F. (2002) Phylogeny of the Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae). Cladistics, 18, 154–199.
Förster, A. (1869) Ueber die gallwespen. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 19, 327–370.
Gallardo, F. & Diaz, N. (1999) Revisión sistemática de las especies del genero Lopheucoila Weld (Figitidae: Eucoilinae). Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia, 47, 15–25.
Gallardo, F.; Diaz, N. & Uchoa-F., M. (2000) A new species of Trybliographa (Hymenoptera: Figitidae, Eucoilinae) from Brazil associated with fruit infesting Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 59(1–4), 21–24.
Guimarães, J.A. (1998) Espécies de Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) parasitóides de larvas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) no Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil, 86 pp.
Guimarães, J.A.; Zucchi, R.A.; Diaz, N.B.; Souza Filho, M.F. & Uchôa F. M.A. (1999) Espécies de Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitóides de larvas frugivoras (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) no Brasil. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 28(2), 263– 273.
Guimarães, J.A. & Perioto, N.W. (1998) Primeira ocorrência de Aganaspis nordlanderi Wharton, 1998 (Hymenoptera, Figitidae: Eucoilinae) no Brasil. In: XI REUNIÃO ANUAL DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO. São Paulo, 1998. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 65, p.44 (Suplement).
Guimarães, J.A.; Diaz, N.B. & Zucchi, R.A. (2000a) Parasitóides-Figitidae (Eucoilinae). In. Malavasi, A. & R. A. Zucchi (Ed.), Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil, Conhecimento básico e aplicado. Holos Editora., Ribeirao Preto, SP, p.127–134.
Guimarães, J.A., Souza Filho, M.F., Zucchi, R.A., Diaz, N.B. (2000b) Does the fruit size influence the parasitism of frugivorous larvae by Eucoilinae species? In: XXI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY, Foz do Iguaçú. Resumos. Foz do Iguaçu: EMBRAPA/SEB, pp. 444.
Guimarães, J.A.& Zucchi, R.A. (2001) Comportamento de parasitismo de duas espécies de Eucoilinae (Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitóides de larvas frugívoras (Diptera). In: VII SIMPÓSIO DE CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO, Poços de Caldas, 2001. Resumos. Poços de Caldas: s.ed., p. 125.
Hernández Ortiz, V., Perez Alonso, R., Wharton, R. (1994) Native parasitoids associated with the genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tuxtlas, VeraCruz, Mexico. Entomophoga, 39(2), 171–178.
Kieffer, J. (1909) Description de nouveaux Cynipides zoophages. Bulletin de la Societé d' Histoire Naturelle de Metz, 3(II), 59– 60.
Lin, K.S. (1987) Aganaspis, new genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute. Special publications, 22, 67–79.
Loiácono, M. & Diaz, N.B. (1977) Anotaciones sobre himenópteros proctotrupoideos y cinipoideos argentinos (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea, Cynipoidea). Neotropica, 23(69), 95–102.
Nordlander, G. (1980) Revision of the genus Leptopilina Förster, 1869, with notes on the status of some other genera (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 11, 428–453.
Nordlander, G. (1981) A Review of the genus Trybliographa Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 381–402.
Ovruski, S.M., (1994) Comportamiento en la detección del huésped de Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera, Eucoilidae) parasitóide de larvas de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 53(1-4), 121–127.
Ovruski, S.M., Aluja, M., Sivinski, J. & Wharton, R.A. (2000) Hymenopteran parasitoids on fruitinfesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and southern United States: Diversity, distribution, taxonomic status and their use in fruit fly biological control. Integrated pest Management Reviews, 5, 81–107.
Rhower, S.A. (1919) Description of a new cynipoid from Trinidad. Proceedins of Entomological Society of Washington, 21, 156.
Weld, L.H. (1921) Notes on certain genera of parasitic Cynipidae proposed by Ashmead with descriptions of genotypes. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 59, 450–451.
Weld, L.H. (1951) A new Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington, 53(4), 223–226.
Weld, L.H. (1952) Cynipoidea (Hym.) 1905-1950. Ann Arbor, Michigan, (Privately published), 351 pp.
Wharton, R.A., Gilstrap, F.E., Rhoden, R.H., Fischel-M., M. & Hart, W.G., (1981) Hymenoptera egg-pupal and larval-pupal parasitoids of Ceratitis capitata and Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Costa Rica. Entomophaga, 26, 285–290.
Wharton, R.A., S.M. Ovruski & Gilstrap, F.E. (1998) Neotropical Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea) associated with fruit-infesting Tephritidae, with new records from Argentina, Bolivia and Costa Rica. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 7(1), 102–115.