Abstract
In a comprehensive morphological study besides results of DNA barcoding the genus Gnophopsodos Wehrli, 1945 is taxonomically revised. The taxon comprises nine species. Diagnostic characters are depicted and a key to the species based on the morphology of male genitalia is provided. Males and females (if available) of each species and their genitalia are illustrated. The distribution of all species is described and figured on maps. Gnophopsodos hilmari spec. nov. from Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, Gnophopsodos sabine spec. nov. and Gnophopsodos ravistriolaria pantherinus subspec. nov., both from the Russian part of the Altai Mountains, are described as new. Gnophopsodos puengeleri (Bohatsch, 1910) stat. rev. is re-established as a separate species. The following synonyms are recognized: Chelegnophos Wehrli, 1951 syn. nov. of Gnophopsodos Wehrli, 1945; Chelegnophos alaianus Viidalepp, 1988 syn. nov. of Gnophopsodos puengeleri (Bohatsch, 1910), Psodos altissimaria Oberthür, 1913 syn. nov. of Gnophopsodos gnophosaria (Oberthür, 1893), and Gnophos orbicularia Püngeler, 1904 syn. nov. of Gnophopsodos stemmataria (Eversmann, 1848) comb. nov. The latter is transferred from the genus Gnophos Treitschke, 1825 to the genus Gnophopsodos.
References
Bohatsch, O. (1910) Neue palaearktische Macrolepidopteren. Jahresbericht des Wiener Entomologischen Vereins, 20, 163–164.
deWaard, J.R., Ivanova, N.V., Hajibabaei, M. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2008) Assembling DNA Barcodes. In: Martin, C.C. (Ed.), Methods in Molecular Biology: Environmental Genomics. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., pp. 275–293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-548-0_15Evenhuis, N.L. (2016) Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections of the World. Available from: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-inst.html (accessed 14 March 2016)
Eversmann, E. (1848) Beschreibung einiger neuen Falter Russlands. Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes de Moscou, 21, 205–232.
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 270, 313–321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218Ivanova, N.V., deWaard, J.R. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) An inexpensive, automationfriendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 998–1002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.xKaila, L., Viidalepp, J., Mikkola, K. & Mironov, V. (1996) Geometridae (Lepidoptera) from the Tian–Shan Mountains in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, with descriptions of three new species and one new subspecies. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 200, 57–82.
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01731581Oberthür, Ch. (1893) Lépidoptères d' Asie. Ètudes d' Entomologie, 18, 11–45.
Oberthür, Ch. (1913) Suite de la Révision des Phalénites décrites par A. Guenée dans le Species Général. Ètudes de lépidoptérologie comparée, 7, 237–331, pl. CLXXXIV.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8792Parsons, M.S., Scoble, M.J., Honey, M.R., Pitkin, L.M. & Pitkin, B.R. (1999) The Catalogue. In: Scoble, M.J. (Ed.), Geometrid Moths of the World: A catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Vol. 1 & 2. CSIRO Publishing and Apollo Books, Collingwood and Stenstrup, 1016 pp.
Püngeler, R. (1901) Neue Macrolepidopteren aus Centralasien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 14, 177–191.
Püngeler, R. (1903) Neue palaearctische Macrolepidopteren. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 16, 286–301.
Ratnasingham, S. (2016) BOLDSYSTEMS. Available from: http://www.boldsystems.org/ (accessed 14 March 2016)
Ratnasingham, S. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2007) The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 355–364.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.xSauter, W. (1990) Zur Systematik der Gnophos-Gruppe (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Nota lepidopterologica, 12, 328–343.
Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987) The Neighbor-joining Method: A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4, 406–425.
Trusch, R. & Erlacher, S. (2001) Zur Morphologie, Verbreitung, Bionomie und Identifikation der Dyscia-Arten (Lepidoptera, Geometridae: Ennominae). Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander König, Bonn, 115 pp.
Viidalepp, J. & Soljanikov, V.P. (1977) On the geometrid moths (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) of the northern part of the Mongolian People’s Republic. In: Kerzhner, I.M. (Ed.), Insects of Mongolia. Vol. 5. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 620–641. [in Russian]
Viidalepp, J. (1988) Fauna pyadenits gor Srednei Azii [Geometridae fauna of the central Asian mountains]. Nauka, Moscov, 231 pp.
Viidalepp, J. (1996) Check List of the Geometridae of the Former U.S.S.R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp.
Wehrli, E. (1922) Über neue schweizerische und zentralasiatische Gnophos-Arten und mikroskopische Bearbeitung einzelner Gruppen der Gattung. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 36, 1–29.
Wehrli, E. (1945) Neue Gattungen, Untergattungen, Arten und Rassen. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft, 19, 334–338.
Wehrli, E. (1951) Une nouvelle classification du genre Gnophos Tr. Lambillionea, 51, 6–37.
Wehrli, E. (1953) Die Spanner des palaearktischen Faunengebietes In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Supplement zu Band 4. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 622.
Wiltshire, E.P. (1967) Middle East Lepidoptera XX. A third contribution to the fauna of Afghanistan. Beiträge zur Naturkundlichen Forschung in SW-Deutschland, 26, 137–169.