Abstract
The skeleton and musculature of the male terminalia are described and illustrated for the tribes Operophterini Packard, Phileremini Pierce and Triphosini Tutt (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with Solitaneini Leraut included in the discussion. Nine genital muscles, typical of the subfamily, were identified. The previously uncertain separation of Triphosini from Rheumapterini Herbulot is confirmed, based on the morphology of male terminalia, including the position of extensors and flexors of the valvae. Based on the morphology, a close relationship of the Phileremini, Solitaneini, Triphosini and also Operophterini is suggested. Additionally, some notes on the most recent molecular phylogeny of the Larentiinae are included.
References
Abraham, D., Ryrholm, N., Wittzell, H., Holloway, J.D., Scoble, M.J. & Löfstedt, C. (2001) Molecular phylogeny of the subfamilies in Geometridae (Geometroidea: Lepidoptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 20, 65–77.
https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.0949Ayres, M.P. & MacLean, S.F. (1987) Development of birch leaves and the growth energetics of Epirrita autumnata (Geometridae). Ecology, 68, 558–568.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1938461Beljaev, E.A. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of the family Geometridae and its subfamilies (Lepidoptera). Meetings in memory of N.A. Cholodkovsky, 60, 1–238. [in Russian]
Beljaev, E.A. (2016) Superfamily Geometroidea, Fam. Geometridae—geometer moths. In: Lelej, A.S. (Ed.), Annotated Catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. 2. Lepidoptera. Vladivostok, Dalnauka, pp. 518–666. [in Russian]
Choi, S.-W. (2003) Faunistic study of the Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of North Korea (1). Insecta Koreana, 20 (3–4), 313–342.
Ebert, G. (2001) Die Schmetterlinge Baden-Württembergs. Band 8. Nachtfalter VI. Stuttgart (Hohenheim), Ulmer, 541 pp.
Ferguson, D.C. (1983) Larentiinae. In: Hodges, R.W., Dominick, T., Davis, D.R., Ferguson, D.C., Flanclemont, J.G., Munroe, E.G. & Powell, J.A. (Eds.), Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E.W. Classey limited and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, pp. 101–107.
Forbes, W.T.M. (1948) Lepidoptera of New York and neighbouring states, part 2. Cornell University Agricultural Experimental Station Memoir, 274, 128–175.
Forum Herbulot (2003) Forum Herbulot world list of family group names in Geometridae. Hausmann, A. (Ed.) Version 2. Available from: http://www.herbulot.de/famgroup.htm (accessed 12 June 2007)
Hausmann, A., Haszprunar, G. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2011) DNA barcoding the Geometrid fauna of Bavaria (Lepidoptera): successes, surprises, and questions. PLoS ONE, 6, e17134.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017134Hausmann, A. & Viidalepp, J. (2012) Larentiinae I. In: Hausmann, A. (Ed.), The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 1–743, 25 pls., 147 text-figs, 268 maps.
Heitzman, R.L. & Enns, W.R. (1978) Annotated list and keys to the geometrid subfamily Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) of Missouri. Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Sciences, 12, 47–63.
Herbulot, C. (1962) Mise a jour de la liste des Geometridae des France. Alexanor, 2 (4), 117–124.
Holloway, J.D. (1997) The Moths of Borneo: family Geometridae, subfamilies Sterrhinae and Larentiinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 51, 1–242.
Hunter, A.F. (1995) The ecology and evolution of reduced wings in forest Macrolepidoptera. Evolutionary Ecology, 9, 275–287.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01237773Karsholt, O., Nieukerken, E.J. van & de Jong, Y.S.D.M. (2013) Lepidoptera, Moths. Fauna Europaea. Version 2.6.2. Available from: http://www.faunaeur.org (accessed 29 August 2013)
Klots, A.B. (1970) Lepidoptera. In: Tuxen, S.L. (Ed.), Taxonomist’s Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 115–130.
Kuznetzov, V.I. & Stekolnikov, A.A. (2001) New approaches to the system of Lepidoptera of the world fauna (on the base of functional morphology of abdomen). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of St. Petersburg, 282, 1–462. [in Russian]
Leraut, P.J.A. (1997) Liste systématique et synonymique des Lépidoptères de France, Belgique et Corse (deuxième édition). Alexanor, Supplement, 1–526.
McGuffin, W.C. (1958) Larvae of the Nearctic Larentiinae. Canadian Entomologist, 8 (Supplement), 5–104.
Mentzer, von, E. (1981) The group Aplocera lythoxylata Hb. with A. dervenaria n. sp. et A. palumbata n. sp. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 12, 49–56.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187631281X00364Nichols, S.W. (Ed.) (1989) The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology. New York Entomological Society in corporation with American Museum of Natural History, New York, 840 pp.
Õunap, E., Viidalepp, J. & Truuverk, A. (2016) Phylogeny of the subfamily Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): integrating molecular data and traditional classifications. Systematic Entomology, 41, 824–843.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12195Packard, A.S. (1876) A Monograph of the Geometrid moths or Phalaenidae of the United States. In: Hayden, F.V. (Ed.), Report of the United States geological survey of the territories. Vol. 10. Government Printing office, Washington, pp. 1–607, 13 pls.
Patočka, J. (1981) Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Puppentaxonomie der mitteleuropäischen Larentiinae (Lep., Geometridae). Biológia (Bratislava), 36, 583–593.
Patočka, J. (1994) Die Puppen der Spanner Mitteleuropas (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): Charakteristik und Bestimmungstabelle der Gattungen. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 137, 27–56.
Pierce, F.N. (1914) The Genitalia of the Group Geometridae of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands. F.N. Pierce, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool, 230 pp.
Prout, L.B. (1940) Larentiinae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Fauna Indo-Australica. Bd. 12. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1–356.
Schmidt, O. (2001) The Australian species of Anachloris Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae): taxonomy, male genitalia musculature and systematic position. Australian Journal of Entomology, 40, 219–230.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00232.xSchmidt, O. (2013) The structure and musculature of male terminalia in the tribe Xanthorhoini Pierce and related tribes (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae), with particular reference to the Palaearctic and Australian regions. Zootaxa, 3721 (6), 552–572.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.6.3Schmidt, O. (2014a) Comparison of the structure and musculature of male terminalia in the tribe Cidariini Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) once again throws into doubt a sister relationship with the Xanthorhoini. Zootaxa, 3856 (3), 399–418.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3856.3.6Schmidt, O. (2014b) The structure and musculature of male terminalia in the tribes Eupitheciini, Melanthiini, Perizomini and Rheumapterini: Gnathoi or Agnathoi, that is the question (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Spixiana, 37 (2), 267–281.
Schmidt, O. (2015a) One century after: a reappraisal of the gnathos (sensu Pierce, 1914) in Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Zootaxa, 3974 (3), 328–340.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3974.3.2Schmidt, O. (2015b) The genus Visiana Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) in Australia: resurrection of two species from synonymy. Zootaxa, 4021 (4), 501–514.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4021.4.1Scoble, M.J. (1995) The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 424 pp.
Scoble, M.J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, 1200 pp.
Sihvonen, P., Mutanen, M., Kaila, L., Brehm, G., Hausmann, A. & Staude, H.S. (2011) Comprehensive Molecular Sampling Yields a Robust Phylogeny for Geometrid Moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). PLoS ONE, 6 (6), e20356.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020356Snäll, N., Tammaru, T., Wahlberg, N., Viidalepp, J., Ruohomäki, K., Savontaus, M.-L. & Huoponen, K. (2007) Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Operophterini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): a case study of the evolution of female flightlessness. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 92, 241–252.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00834.xStrutzenberger, P., Brehm, G., Bodner, F. & Fiedler, K. (2010) Molecular phylogeny of Eois (Lepidoptera, Geometridae): evolution of wing patterns and host plant use in a species-rich group of Neotropical moths. Zoologica Scripta, 39 (6), 603–620.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00440.xTammaru, T., Kaitaniemi, P. & Ruohomäki, K. (1995) Oviposition choices of Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in relation to its eruptive population dynamics. Oikos, 74, 296–304.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3545659Tanhuanpää, M., Ruohomäki, K. & Kaitaniemi, P. (2003) Influence of adult and egg predation on reproductive success of Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Oikos, 102, 263–278.
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12546.xTroubridge, J.T. & Fitzpatrick, S.M. (1993) A revision of the North American Operophtera (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist, 125, 379–397.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent125379-2Truuverk, A. (2013) Triibuste Larentiini ja Scotopterygini süstemaatikast (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae). Available from: http://mobile.dspace.ut.ee/handle/10062/30413 (accessed 11 September 2016)
Tutt, J.W. (1896) British Moths. Routledge, London, 368 pp.
Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lep idoptera) of the former U.S.S.R. Appollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp.
Viidalepp, J. (2011) A morphological review of tribes in Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Zootaxa, 3136, 1–44.
Vives Moreno, A. (1994) Catálogo sistemático y sinonímico de los lepidopteros de la Península Ibérica y Baleares (insecta: lepidoptera) (segunda parte). Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, 775 pp.
Xue, D.Y. & Zhu, H.F. (1999) Fauna Sinica (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae). Science Press, Beijing, 1099 pp., 25 pls.
Yamamoto, S. & Sota, T. (2007) Phylogeny of the Geometridae and the evolution of winter moths inferred from a simultaneous analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 711–723.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.027