Abstract
Our objective was to document potential wild pollinating insects in south central Nebraska. This intensively cultivated region is known as the Rainwater Basin and contains some of the most endangered wetland systems in North America. We used blue vane traps to passively collect insects and insect nets to actively collect on flowering plants from April through October in 2014 and 2015. Habitat types included playa wetlands, adjacent mixed and tallgrass prairies, and agricultural fields. Over 112,000 insects were collected; Hymenoptera represented 78% of the total, and the families Apidae and Halictidae comprised 99% of the total melittofauna. Insects from 13 orders were collected, but Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera were the most abundant potential pollinators.
References
Aalbu, R.L., Triplehorn, C.A., Campbell, J.M., Brown, K.W., Somerby, R.E. & Thomas, D.B. (2002) Tenebrionidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett, Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 763–509.
Arduser, M. (2009) Anthophora of ENA (east of 100th meridian). U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. U.S. Geological Survey. Available from: http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/nativebees/Arduser_keys/ENA%20Anthophora%20key.pdf (accessed 7 July 2016)
Arnold, D.C. (1976) Blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidea) of Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University Agricultural Experimental Station Technical Bulletin, T-145, 1–68.
https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041231.ch7Ascher, J.S. & Pickering, J. (2016) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available from: http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species (accessed 7 July 2016)
Ayala, R. & Griswold, T. (2012) Two new species of the bee genus Peponapis, with a key to the North and Central American species (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 83, 396–406.
Barr, W.F. (1962) A key to the genera and a classification of the North American Cleridae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterist’s Bulletin, 16 (4), 121–127.
Ball, G.E. & Bousquet, Y. (2001) Carabidae Latreille, 1810. In: Arnett, Jr., R.H. & Thomas, M.C. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. I. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 32–132.
Beas, B., Smith, L., Lagrange, T. & Stutheit, R. (2013) Effects of sediment removal on vegetation communities in Rainwater Basin playa wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 128, 371.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.063
Bellamy, C.L. & Nelson, G.H. (2002) Buprestidae Leach 1815. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A.P., Potts, S.G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C.D., Settele, J. & Kunin, W.E. (2006) Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313 (5785), 351–354.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127863
Bohart, R.M. & Grissell, E.E. (1975) California wasps of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 19, 1–92.
Bohart, R.M. & Horning Jr., D.S. (1971) California Bembicine sand wasps. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey, 13, 1–49.
Brock, J.P. & Kaufman, K. (2003) Kaufman field guide to butterflies of North America. Houghton Miller Company, New York, NY, 391 pp.
Cane, J.H. & Tepedino, V.J. (2001) Cause and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences. Conservation Ecology, 5 (1), 1.
Carpenter, J.M. (2004a) Ancistroceroides de Saussure, a potter wasp genus new for the United States, with a new key to the genera of Eumeninae of American North of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 77 (4), 721–741.
https://doi.org/10.2317/e-33.1
Carpenter, J.M. (2004b) Synonymy of the genus Marimbonda Richards, 1978, with Leipomeles Mobius, 1856 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae), and a new key to the genera of paper wasps of the New World. American Museum Novitates, 3465, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2004)465%3C0001:sotgmr%3E2.0.co;2Daniel, D.W., Smith, L.M., Haukos, D.A., Johnson, L.A. & McMurry, S.T. (2014) Land use and conservation reserve program effects on the persistence of playa wetlands in the High Plains. Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 4282–4288. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404883s
Dole, J.M., Gerard, W.B. & Nelson, J.M. (2004) Butterflies of Oklahoma, Kansas, and North Texas. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK, 288 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1086/431080Eaton, E.R. & Kaufman, K. (2007) Kaufman field guide to insects of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY, 391 pp.
Ellis, M.D. & Golick, D. (2000) EC00-1564 A Guide to identifying Nebraska bumble bee species. Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, Paper 2011, 1-64. Available from: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/2011 (accessed 7 July 2016)
Enns, W.E. (1956) A revision of the genera Nemognatha, Zonitis, and Pseudozonitis (Coleoptera: Meloidae) in American north of Mexico. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 37, Part II (14), 685–910.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24548
Fender, K.M. (1964) The Chauliognathini of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) Part 2. Northwest Science, 38 (3), 95–106.
Foote, R.H. & Steyskal, G.C. (1987) Tephritidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottwa, pp. 817–832.
Free, J.B. (1993) Insect pollination of crops. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, California, 684 pp. [pp. 18–41]
Gleason, R.A, Euliss, N.H., Tangen, B.A., Laubhan, M.K. & Browne, B.A. (2011) USDA conservation program and practice effects on wetland ecosystem services in the Prairie Pothole Region. Ecological Applications, 21 (1), 65–81.
https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0216.1
Golick, D.A. & Ellis, M.D. (2006) An Update on the Distribution and Diversity of Bombus in Nebraska (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 79 (4), 341–347.
https://doi.org/10.2317/0508.5.1
Greenleaf, S. & Kremen, C. (2006) Wild bee species increase tomato production but respond differently to surrounding land use in Northern California. Biological Conservation, 133, 81–87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.025
Habeck, D.H. (2002) Nitidulidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 311–315.
https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
Hall, J.C. (1981) Bombyliidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottwa, pp. 589–602.
Hardy, D.E. (1981) Bibionidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottwa, pp. 217–222.
Huckett, H.C. (1987) Anthomyiidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottwa, pp. 1099–1114.
Huckett, H.C. & Vockeroth, J.R. (1987) Muscidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottwa, pp. 1115–1132.
Ivie, M.A. (2000) Keys to families of beetles in American north of Mexico. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 816–835.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041231.bmatt
James, M.T. (1981) Stratiomyidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottwa, pp. 497–512.
James, R.R. & Pitts-Singer T.L. (2008) Bee Pollination in Agricultural Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, New York City, New York, pp. 3–21.
https://doi.org/10.2179/0008-7475-74.4.444
Kim, J., Williams, N. & Kremen, C. (2006) Effects of cultivation and proximity to natural habitat on ground-nesting native bees in California sunflower fields. Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 79, 309–320.
https://doi.org/10.2317/0507.11.1
Kingsolver, J.M. (2002) Dermestidae Gyllenhal 1808. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 228–232. https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
Knutson, L.V. (1987) Sciomyzidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 927–940.
Kremen, C., Williams, N.M. & Thorp, R. W. (2002a) Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99 (26), 16812–16816.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.262413599
Kremen, C., Bugg, R.L., Nicola, N., Smith, S.A., Thorp, R.W. & Williams, N.M. (2002b) Native bees, native plants and crop pollination in California. Fremontia, 30, 41–49.
Krombein, K.V. (1937) Studies in the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera: Aculeata), I. A review of the genera of Myzininae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 30, 26–30.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/30.1.26Küchler, A. W. (1964) otential Natural Vegetation of the Conterminous United States. American Geographical Society Special Publication No. 36. American Geographical Society, New York, 116 pp.
LaBerge, W.E. (1956a) A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central America, Part I (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 37, Part 2 (18), 911–1194.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24549
LaBerge, W.E. (1958) Notes of the North and Central American bees of the genus Svastra Holmberg (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 31 (4), 266–273.
LaBerge, W.E. (1956b) A revision of the bees of the genus Melissodes in North and Central America, Part II (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 38, Part 1 (8), 533–578.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9821
LaBerge, W.E. (1961) A revision of the bees of the Genus Melissodes in North and Central America, Part III (Hymenoptera, Apidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 42 (5), 283–663.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.9821
Laberge, W.E. & Webb, M.C. (1962) The Bumblebees of Nebraska. Research Bulletin, University of Nebraska College of Agriculture, 205 (33), 293–300.
LaBerge, W.E. (2001) Revision of the bees of the genus Tetraloniella in the New World (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Illinois Natural History Survey, 36 (3), 67–162.
LaGrange, T. (2005) Guide to Nebraska's wetlands and their conservation needs. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, 37 (2), 17–20.
LaGrange, T., Stutheit, R., Gilbert, D., Shurtliff, D. & Whited, P.M. (2011) Sedimentation of Nebraska's Playa Wetlands: A Review of Current Knowledge and Issues. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska, 62 pp.
Larson, B., Kevan, P. & Inouye, D. (2001) Flies and flowers: taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators. Canadian Entomologist, 133 (4), 439–465.
https://doi.org/10.4039/ent133439-4Lloyd, J.E. (2002) Lampyridae Latreille 1817. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 187–196.
https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
Longley, M. & Sotherton, N.W. (1997) Factors determining the effects of pesticides upon butterflies inhabiting arable farmland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 61 (1), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01094-8
MacKay, W.P. (1987) The scoliid wasps of the southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). The Southwestern Naturalist, 32 (3), 357–362.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3671453Mason, W.R.M. (1993) Key to superfamilies of Hymenoptera. In: Goulet, H. & Huber, J.T. (Eds.), Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1894/E. Canada Communication Group-Publishing, Ottawa, pp. 65–100.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.4810420212
Mayor, A.J. (2002) Melyridae Leach 1815. In: Arnett, Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 281–304.
https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
McAlpine, J.F. (1981) Keys to families-–adults. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 89–124.
Michener, C.D. (2007) The bees of the world. 2nd Edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 953 pp.
Michener, C.D., McGinley, R.J. & Danforth, B.N. (1994) The bee genera of North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidae). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington & London, 209 pp.
https://doi.org/10.3366/anh.1995.22.1.141
Miranda, G.F.G., Young, A.D., Locke, M.M., Marshall, S.A., Skevington, J.H. & Thomson, F.C. (2013) Key to the Genera of Nearctic Syrphidae. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification. Available from: http://cjai.biologicalsurvey.ca/mylmst_23/mylmst_23.html (accessed 7 July 2016)
National Research Council (2007) Role and Importance of pollinators. In: Kelly, K.& Whitacre, P. (Ed.), Status of Pollinators in North America. The National Academic Press, Washington D.C., pp. 13–33.
Newton, A.F., Thayer, M.K., Ashe, J.S. & Chandler, D.S. (2001) Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Arnett Jr., R.H. & Thomas, M.C. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. I. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 272–418.
North American Moth Photographers Group (2011) Digital guide to moth identification. Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University. Available from: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/WalkThroughIndex.shtml (accessed 7 July 2016).
Opitz, W. (2002) Cleridae Latreille 1804. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 267–280.
https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
Pechuman, L.L. & Teskey, H.J. (1981) Tabanidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 463–478.
Porter, D.A. (2010) An Investigation of Wild Bee Diversity and Abundance in Plots Managed by The Nature Conservancy in South-Central Nebraska and of Beneficial Arthropods Associated with Native Nebraska Flora. Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology, 6, 1–57.
Potts, S.G., Biesmeijer, J.C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O. & Kunin, W.E. (2010) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25 (6), 345–353.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
Rader, R., Bartomeus, I., Garibaldi, L.A ; Garratt, M.P.D., Howlett, B.G., Winfree, R., Cunningham, S.A., Mayfield, M.M., Arthur, A.D., Andersson, G.K.S., Bommarco, R., Brittain, C., Carvalheiro, L.G., Chacoff, N.P., Entling, M.H., Foully, B., Freitas, B.M., Gemmill-Herren, B., Ghazoul, J., Griffin, S.R., Gross, C.L., Herbertsson, L., Herzog, F., Hipólito, J., Jaggar, S., Jauker, F., Klein, A., Kleijn, D., Krishnan, S., Lemos, C.Q., Lindström, S.A.M., Mandelik, Y. Monteiro, V.M., Nelson, W., Nilsson, L., Pattemore, D.E., Pereira, N. de O., Pisanty, G., Potts, S.G., Reemer, M., Rundlöf, M., Sheffield, C.S., Scheper, J., Schüepp, C., Smith, H.G., Stanley, D.A., Stout, J.C., Szentgyörgyi, H., Taki, H., Vergara, C.H., Viana, B.F. & Woyciechowski, M. (2016) Non-bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (1), 146–51. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517092112
Ratcliff, B.C., Jameson, M.L. & Smith, A.B.T. (2002) Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 39–81.
https://doi.org/10.1086/377988Riley, E.G., Clark, S.M., Flowers, R.W. & Gilbert, A.J. (2002) Chrysomelidae Latreille 1802. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 617–691.
https://doi.org/10.1086/377988
Roberts, J.D. (2007) Genus Centris – Centris bees. Bugguide. Web. Available from: http://bugguide.net/node/view/110919 (accessed 28 July 2016)
Roughley, R.E. & Larson, D.J. (2001) Dytiscidae Leach, 1815. In: Arnett Jr., R.H. & Thomas, M.C. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. I. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 156–186.
Sabrosky, C.W. (1987) Chloropidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 1049–1068.
Sandhouse, G.A. (1937) The bees of the genera Augochlora, Augochloropsis, and Augochlorella (Hymenoptera: Apoidae) occurring in the United States. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 27 (2), 65–79.
Selander, R.B. (1982) A revision of the genus Pyrota, I. The Mylabrina group (Coleoptera: Meloidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 55 (4), 665–717.
Shewell, G.E. (1987) Sarcophagidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 1159–1186.
Simpson, M. (Not Dated) Ptilothrix Bombiformis, the Rose-mallow Bee. Ptilothrix Bombiformis, the Rose-mallow Bee. United State Forest Service. Web. Available from: http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/rosemallowbee.shtml (accessed 27 June 2016)
Smith, K.G.V. & Peterson, B.V. (1987) Conopidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, pp. 749–756.
Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (1999) Effects of Habitat Isolation on Pollinator Communities and Seed Set. Oecologia, 121 (3), 432–440.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050949
Stephen, W.P. & Rao, S. (2005) Unscented Color Traps for Non-Apis Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Journal of Kansas Entomological Society, 78 (4), 373–380.
https://doi.org/10.2317/0410.03.1Stephen, W.P. & Rao, S. (2007) Sampling native bees in proximity to a highly competitive food resource (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 80, 369–376.
https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567(2007)80[369:snbipt]2.0.co;2
Stone, A. (1981) Culicidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 341–350.
Timberlake, P.H. (1941) Synoptic table of North American species of Diadasia (Hymenoptera, Apoidae). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, 36, 2–11.
Timberlake, P.H. (1969) A contribution to the systematics of the North American species of Synhalonia (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology, 57, 1–76.
Triplehorn, C.A. & Johnson, N.F. (2005) Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the study of insects. 7th Edition. Thompson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, 864 pp.
Turnbow, Jr., R.H. & Thomas, M.C. (2002) Cerambycidae Leach 1815. In: Arnett Jr., R.H., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. II. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionidae. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 568–601.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041231.ch8U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service (2010) Restoring America’s wetlands: A private lands conservation success story. NRCS commemorative publication, 2010, 1–16.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (n.d.) ECOS: Endangered Species Act Petitions Received by Fish and Wildlife Service. Web. Available from: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/table/petitions-received.html (accessed 27 June 2016).
Van Tassel, E.R. (2001) Hydrophilidae Latreille, 1802. In: Arnett, Jr., R.H. & Thomas, M.C. (Eds.), American Beetles. Vol. I. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 187–208.
Vockeroth, J.R. & Thompson, F.C. (1987) Syrphidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, pp. 731–744.
Whitworth, T. (2006) Keys to the genera and species of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of American North of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108 (3), 689–725.
Wilmer, P. (2011a) Generalist flowers and generalist visitors. In: Willmer, P. (Ed.), Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 288–303.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400838943.288Wilmer, P. (2011b) Pollination by flies. In: Willmer, P. (Ed.), Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 304–321.
Wilmer, P. (2011c) Pollination by butterflies and moths. In: Willmer, P. (Ed.), Pollination and Floral Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 322–336.
Wood, D.M. (1987) Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 2. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 1193–1270.
Wood, G.C. (1981) Asilidae. In: McAlpine, J.F., Peterson, B.V., Shewell, G.E., Teskey, H.J., Vockeroth, J.R. & Wood, D.M. (Eds.), Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 549–574.
Xerces Society (Not Dated) Red List of Bees: Native Bees in Decline. Web. Available from: http://www.xerces.org/pollinator-redlist/ (accessed 27 June 2016)