Abstract
Fifteen species of kalyptorhynch flatworms, twelve of them eukalyptorhynchs and three schizorhynchs, are reported from the KwaZulu-Natal coast in South Africa. Six species are new to science, five of which belong to Eukalyptorhynchia, the remaining one to Schizorhynchia. One of the new eukalyptorhynch species, Uncinorhynchus linusi n. sp., belongs to the taxon Gnathorhynchidae Meixner, 1929 and can be distinguished from other species of Uncinorhynchus Karling, 1947 based on the detailed structure of the proboscis hooks and the hard part in the male genital system. Two other species are members of the Koinocystididae Meixner, 1924. Itaipusa sbui n. sp. is characterised by an armed cirrus with two transversal bands of lamellar spines and by the detailed structure of the female genital system. The other new koinocystidid cannot be placed in any existing taxon and therefore a new genus is erected: Bhambathorhynchus abursalis n. gen. n. sp. It is characterised by the presence of two bent hooks in the male system, each one connected to a muscular bulb, and by the absence of a copulatory bursa. The remaining two new species of Eukalyptorhynchia, Lagenopolycystis mandelai n. sp. and Phonorhynchoides gondwanae n. sp., are members of the taxon Polycystididae Graff, 1905 and can be distinguished from their respective congeners by the detailed structure of their hard parts in the male genital system. The latter species also occurs on the Indian subcontinent. The discussion on the phylogenetic position of the new species of Phonorhynchoides leads to the formal split of this non-monophyletic genus into two taxa: Phonorhynchoides Beklemischev, 1927 and Phonorhynchopsis n. gen. The sixth and last new species, Baltoplana cupressus n. sp., is a member of the taxon Cheliplanidae Schilke, 1970 (Schizorhynchia) and combines an armed cirrus with a single accessory cirrus in the copulatory organ. For two more species, Prognathorhynchus spec. and Carcharodorhynchus spec., the available material is inadequate for a formal description, but they are mentioned and illustrated to allow future recognition. Six known species, Pocillorhynchus spiroductus Schockaert, 1982, Duplacrorhynchus heyleni Artois & Schockaert, 1999, Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, 1831, Paulodora contortoides Artois & Tessens, 2008, P. drepanophora Artois & Tessens, 2008 and Cheliplana pileola Jouk & De Vocht, 1989 are reported from South Africa for the first time and additional remarks on their morphology are given. An additional species, Brachyrhynchoides oosterlyncki (Willems, Reygel & Artois, 2013) Willems, Reygel & Artois, 2013 was recently described from South Africa and India (see Artois et al., 2013b, 2013c), and is mentioned here for the sake of completeness.
References
Artois, T.J. & Schockaert, E.R. (1998) A cladistic re-assessment of the Polycystis species complex (Polycystididae, Eukalyptorhynchia). Hydrobiologia, 383, 97–102.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003435727011Artois, T.J. & Schockaert, E.R. (1999) Two new species of the genus Duplacrorhynchus Schockaert & Karling, 1970, with remarks on relationships within the genus and on the Duplacrorhynchinae (Platyhelminthes, Polycystididae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 129, 235–244.
Artois, T.J. & Schockaert, E.R. (2000) Interstitial fauna of the Galapagos: Typhlopolycystidinae (Platyhelminthes, Polycystididae). Tropical Zoology, 13, 141–158.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2000.10531128Artois, T.J. & Schockaert, E.R. (2001) Interstitial fauna of the Galapagos: Duplacrorhynchinae, Macrorhynchinae, Polycystidinae, Gyratricinae (Platyhelminthes, Polycystididae). Tropical Zoology, 14, 63–85.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.2001.10531143Artois, T.J. & Schockaert, E.R. (2003) Primary homology assessment in the male atrial system of the Polycystididae (Platyhelminthes: Eukalyptorhynchia). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 242, 179–190.
https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00095Artois, T.J. & Schockaert, E.R. (2005) Primary homology assessment of structures in the female atrial system among species of the Polycystididae (Rhabditophora, Eukalyptorhynchia). Invertebrate Biology, 124, 109–118.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2005.00013.xArtois, T.J. & Tessens, B.S. (2008) Polycystididae (Rhabditophora: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Indian Ocean, with the description of twelve new species. Zootaxa, 1849, 1–27.
Artois, T.J., Willems, W., Revis, N., Martens, P. & Schockaert, E. (2012) New species of Limipolycystis Schilke, 1970 (Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia: Polycystididae) from the Western Mediterranean. Zootaxa, 3325, 26–36.
Artois, T., Schockaert, E. & Tyler, S. (2013a, Feb 2) World checklist of freshwater Turbellaria. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http://fada.biodiversity.be/group/show/3 (accessed 10 June 2016)
Artois, T., Willems, W., Reygel P. & Schockaert, E., (2013a) Brachyrhynchus n. gen. n. sp., a new genus of Polycystididae Graff, 1905 (Rhabdocoela, Kalyptorhynchia), with the description of three new species from the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Zootaxa, 3635 (2), 127–136.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3635.2.3Artois, T., Willems, W., Reygel P. & Schockaert, E., (2013b) Brachyrhynchoides nom. nov. Artois & Schockaert, 2013: A replaced name for Brachyrhynchus Artois & Schockaert, 2013. Zootaxa, 3683 (1), 94–94.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.1.6Ax, P. (1952) Zur Kenntnis der Gnathorhynchidae (Turbellaria Neorhabdocoela). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 148, 50–58.
Ax, P. (1959) Zur Systematik, Ökologie und Tiergeographie der Turbellarienfauna in den ponto-kaspischen Brackwassermeeren. Zoologische Jahrbücher (Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere), 87, 43–184.
Ax, P. (1997) Two Prognathorhynchus species (Kalyptorhynchia, Plathelminthes) from the North Inlet Salt marsh of Hobcaw Barony, South Carolina, USA. Microfauna Marina, 11, 317–320.
Ax, P. (2008) Plathelminthes aus Brackgewässern der Nordhalbkugel. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz – Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 696 pp.
Ax, P. & Armonies, W. (1987) Amphiatlantic identities in the composition of the boreal brackish water community of Plathelminthes. A comparison between the Canadian and European Atlantic coast. Microfauna Marina, 3, 7–80.
Ax, P. & Armonies, W. (1990) Brackish water Plathelminthes from Alaska as evidence for the existence of a boreal brackish water community with circumpolar distribution. Microfauna Marina, 6, 7–109.
Beauchamp, P. de (1927) Rhabdocoeles des sables a diatomées d’Arcachon. 1. Coup d’oeil sur l’association Schizorhynchidae. Bulletin de la société zoologique de France, 52, 351–386.
Beklemischev, W.N. (1927) Über die Turbellarienfauna des Aralsees. Zugleich ein beitrag zur Morphologie und zum System der Dalyelliida. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 54, 87–138.
Bresslau, E. (1906) Eine neue Art der marinen Turbellariengattung Polycystis (Macrorhynchus) aus dem Süsswasser. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 415–422.
Brunet, M. (1965) Turbellariés calyptorhynques de substrats meubles de la région de Marseille. Recueil des travaux de la station marine d'Endoume, 39, 128–218.
Brunet, M. (1967) Turbellariés schizorhynques de la region de Marseille. Sur Carcharodorhynchus subterraneus Meixner et Carcharodorhynchus flavidus nov. sp. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 92, 143–152.
Brunet, M. (1972) Koinocystididae de la région de Marseille (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 1, 157–174.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1972.tb00673.xBrunet, M. (1973a) La famille des Cicerinidae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologica Scripta, 2, 17–31.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1973.tb00794.xBrunet, M. (1973b) Turbellariés calyptorhynques de la région Marseillaise. Les familles des Placorhynchidae et Gnathorhynchidae. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 98, 121–135.
Curini-Galletti, M.C. & Puccinelli, I. (1989) Karyometric and morphological analysis of 2 sympatric marine species of the Gyratrix hermaphroditus species complex (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia) occuring at Roscoff (Brittany, France). Hydrobiologia, 173, 63–68.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00008599Curini-Galletti, M.C. & Puccinelli, I. (1990) The Gyratrix hermaphroditus species complex (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia) in the Darwin area (Northern-Territory, Australia). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 109, 368–379.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3226691Curini-Galletti, M.C. & Puccinelli, I. (1994) The Gyratrix hermaphroditus species-complex (Kalyptorhynchia: Polycystididae) in marine tropical areas: first data from the Carribean. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 124, 157–166.
Curini-Galletti, M.C. & Puccinelli, I. (1998) The Gyratrix hermaphroditus species complex (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia) in marine habitats of eastern Australia. Hydrobiologia, 383, 287–298.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003456102035Du Bois-Reymond Marcus E. 1957 On Turbellaria. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 29, 153–191.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1831) Animalia evertebrata exclusis insectis recensuit C.G. Ehrenberg. Series prima cum Tabularum decade prima. In: Hemprich, F.G. & Ehrenberg, C.G. (Eds.), Symbolae Physicae 2. Phytozoa Turbellaria. Officina Academica, Berolina, pp. 1–15.
Evdonin, L.A. (1971) The interstitial Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela) from the bay of Peter the Great of the Sea of Japan. Investigations on the Marine Faunas, 8, 55–71.
Evdonin, L.A. (1972) New species of the genus Prognathorhynchus (Neorhabdocoela) and morphological analysis of Gnathorhynchidae. Zoological Journal, 51, 1280–1287.
Evdonin, L.A. (1977) Turbellaria Kalyptorhynchia in the fauna of the USSR and adjacent areas. Fauna USSR, 115, 1–400.
Graff, L. von (1905) Marine Turbellarien Orotavas und der Küsten Europas. Ergebnisse einiger, mit Unterstützung der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien (aus dem Legate Wedl) in den Jahren 1902 und 1903 unternommen Studienreise. II. Rhabdocoela. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftlige Zoologie, 83, 68–148.
L’Hardy, J.-P. (1963) Turbellariés Schizorhynchidae des sables de Roscoff. I. Les genres Carcharodorhynchus, Schizochilus et Schizorhynchoides. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 4, 459–472.
Jouk, P.E.H. & De Vocht, A.J.-P. (1989) Kalyptorhynchia (Plathelminthes Rhabdocoela) from the Kenyan Coast, with descriptions of four new species. Tropical Zoology, 2, 145–157.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1989.10539435Karling, T.G. (1947) Studien über Kalyptorhynchien (Turbellaria) I. Die Familien Placorhynchidae und Gnathorhynchidae. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 50, 1–64.
Karling, T.G. (1949) Studien über Kalyptorhynchien (Turbellaria) II. Die Familien Karkinorhynchidae und Diascorhynchidae. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 58, 1–42.
Karling, T.G. (1952) Studien über Kalyptorhynchien (Turbellaria) IV. Einige Eukalyptorhynchia. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 69, 1–49.
Karling, T.G. (1954) Einige marine Vertreter der Kalyptorhynchien-Familie Koinocystididae. Arkiv für Zoologi, 7, 165–183.
Karling, T.G. (1956) Morphologisch-histologische Untersuchungen an den männlichen Atrialorganen der Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria). Arkiv för Zoologi, 9, 187–279.
Karling, T.G. (1978) Anatomy and systematics of marine Turbellaria from Bermuda. Zoologica Scripta, 7, 225–248.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1978.tb00605.xKarling, T.G. (1980) Revision of Koinocystididae (Turbellaria). Zoologica Scripta, 9, 241–269.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1980.tb00666.xKarling, T.G. (1983) Structural and systematic studies on Turbellaria Schizorhynchia (Platyhelminthes). Zoologica Scripta, 12, 77–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1983.tb00552.xKarling, T.G. (1989) New taxa of Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes) from the N. American Pacific coast. Zoologica Scripta, 18, 19–32.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00120.xKolasa, J. (1977) Uncinorhynchus karlingi sp. nov. and Ethmorhynchus youngi sp. nov. Microturbellaria. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences - Série des Sciences Biologiques, 25, 167–171.
Kostenko, A.G. & Mamkaev, Y.V. (1990) The position of “green convoluts” in the system of acoel turbellarians (Turbellaria, Acoela). 1. Simsagittifera gen. n. 2. Sagittiferidae fam. n. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 69, 5–16.
Mack-Fira, V. (1968) Turbellariés de la Mer Noire. Rapport et Proces-verbaux des Réunions de la Commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, 19, 179–182.
Mack-Fira, V. (1974) The Turbellarian fauna of the Romanian littoral waters of the Black Sea and its annexes. In: Riser, N.W. & Morse, M.P. (Eds.), Biology of the Turbellaria. Libbie H. Hyman Memorial Volume. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 248–290.
Marcus, E. (1948) Turbellaria do Brasil. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 13, 111–243.
Marcus, E. (1949) Turbellaria Brasileiros (7). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14, 7–156.
Marcus, E. (1954) Turbellaria Brasileiros (11). Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, XI (24), 419–489.
Meixner, J. (1924) Studien zu einer Monographie der Kalyptorhynchia und zum System der Turbellaria Rhabdocoela. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 60, 89–104 + 113–125.
Meixner, J. (1928) Aberrante Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria Rhabdocoela) aus dem Sande der Kieler Bucht. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 77, 229–253.
Meixner, J. (1929) Morphologisch-Ökologische studien an neuen Turbellarien aus dem Meeressande der Kieler Bucht. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 14, 765–791.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00419332Meixner, J. (1938) Turbellaria (Strudelwürmer) I. Allgemeiner Teil. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E. (Eds.), Die Tierwelt der Nordiska- und Ostsee. 33. IVb. Akademische Verlag-gesellschaft, Leipzig, pp. 1–146.
Noldt, U. & Hoxhold, S. (1984) Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXXIV. Schizorhynchia (Plathelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia). Microfauna Marina, 1, 199–256.
Noldt, U. & Reise, K. (1987) Morphology and ecology of the kalyptorhynch Typhlopolycystis rubra (Plathelminthes), an inmate of lugworm burrows in the Wadden Sea. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 41, 185–199.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02364699Puccinelli, I. & Curini-Galletti, M.C. (1987) Chromosomal evolution and speciation in marine populations of Gyratrix hermaphroditus sensu lato (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia) and in other species of the Gyratricinae. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 106, 311–320.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3226222Puccinelli, I., Curini-Galletti, M.C., Mariotti, G. & Mariotti, I. (1990) Chromosomal evolution and speciation in the Gyratrix hermaphroditus species complex (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia): karyometric and morphological analysis of fifteen fresh-water populations from Western Europe. Hydrobiologia, 190, 83–92.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00020690Reygel, P.C., Willems, W.R. & Artois, T.J. (2011) Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Galapagos, with the description of three new species. Zootaxa, 3096, 27–40. Erratum. Zootaxa, 3132, 68.
Reygel, P., Schockaert, E., Janssen, T. & Artois, T. (2014) Two new species of Carcharodorhynchus Meixner, 1938 (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Schizorhynchidae) from Brazil and Lanzarote. Marine Biodiversity, 44, 279–285.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-014-0205-8Schilke, K. (1970) Kalyptorhynchia (Turbellaria) aus dem Eulitoral der deutschen Nordseeküste. Helgoländer wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 21, 143–265.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01630522Schockaert, E.R. (1971) Turbellaria from Somalia 1. Kalyptorhynchia (part 1). Monitore Zoologico Italiano, New Series, 4 (Supplement), 101–122.
Schockaert, E.R. (1982) Turbellaria from Somalia 2. Kalyptorhynchia (Part 2). Monitore Zoologico Italiano, New Series, 18 (Supplement), 81–96.
Schockaert, E.R. (1996) Turbellarians. In: Hall, G.S. (Ed.), Methods for the examination of organismal diversity in soils and sediments. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 211–226.
Schockaert, E.R. & Karling, T.G. (1975) Anatomy and taxonomy of some species of Polycystididae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) from N. Atlantic and Mediterranean Coastal Areas. Zoologica Scripta, 4, 133–143.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1975.tb00725.xSchockaert, E.R., Hooge, M., Sluys, R., Schilling, S., Tyler, S. & Artois, T. (2008) Global diversity of free living flatworms (Platyhelminthes, "Turbellaria") in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 41–48.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9002-8Schockaert, E.R., Martens, P.M., Revis, N., Janssen, T., Willems, W. & Artois, T.J. (2014) A new genus with six new species of Typhlopolycystidinae Evdonin, 1977 (Platyhelminthes, Kalyptorhynchia, Polycystididae). Zootaxa, 3755 (3), 259–272.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3755.3.4Sekera, E. (1911) Studien über Turbellarien. Sitzungsberichten der Königliche böhmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 13, 1–38.
Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E., Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S.A., Martin, K.D., McManus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C.A. & Robertson, J. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalisation of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience, 57, 573–583.
https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707Tessens, B. (2012) Dealing with a taxonomic Gordian knot: phylogeny of and cryptic diversity in Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, 1831 (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela, Kalyptorhynchia). Doctoral Thesis, Universiteit Hasselt, Hasselt, 145 pp.
Tessens, B., Janssen, T. & Artois, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny of Kalyptorhynchia (Rhabdocoela, Platyhelminthes) inferred from ribosomal sequence data. Zoologica Scripta, 43, 519–530.
Timoshkin, O.A., Kawakatsu, M., Korgina E.M. & Vvedenskaya, T.L. (2004) Preliminary analysis of the stylets of the Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, 1831 species complex (Platyhelminthes, Neorhabdocoela, Kalyptorhynchia) from lakes of central Russia, Pribaikalye and Kamachatka, lakes Baikal and Biwa. In: Timoshkin, O.A., Sitnikova, T.Ya., Rusinek, O.T., Pronin, N.M., Proviz, V.I., Melnik, N.G., Kamaltynov, N.M, Mazepova, GF, Adov, F.V., Anokhin, B.A., Arov, I.V., Baldanova, I.R., Biserov, V.I., Bondarenko, N.A., Burdukovskaya, T.G., Grygier, M.J., Danilov, S.N., Dzuba, E.V., Dubeshko, L.N., Dugarov, Zh.N., Dudishev, A.L., Evstigneeva, T.D., Efremova, S.M., Zhil’tsova, L.A., Kawakatsu, M., Korgina, E.M., Korobkova, N.V., Kritskaya, U.A., Kutikova, L.A., Lyamkin, V.F. Natyaganova, A.V., Naumova, T.V., Nekrasov, A.V., Novikova, O.A., Obolkina, L.A., Okuneva, G.L., Podthyazhkina, M.M., Pomazkova, G.I., Popov, V.V., Pronina, S.V., Rozhkova, N.A., Sanzhieva, S.D., Semernoy, V.P., Sideleva, V.G., Slugina, Z.V., Starobogatov, Ya.I., Stepanjants, S.D., Tanichev, A.I., Tuzovsky, P.V., Khamnueva, T.R., Tsalolikhin, S.Ya., Sheveleva, N.G., Shibanova, I.V., Shirokaya, A.A. & Shoshin, A.V. (Eds.), Index of animal species inhabiting lake Baikal and its catchment area. Vol. 1. Book 2., Nauka, Novosibirsk, pp. 1321–1343.
Timoshkin, O.A., Zaytseva, E.P., Gutsol, M.V. & Tereza, E.P. (2010) New and poorly known species of the genus Opisthocystis Sekera, 1911 (Plathelminthes, Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia: Polycystididae) from Lake Baikal with preliminary description of their karyotypes and bottom temperature measured by onset loggers in the shallow littoral zone of southern Baikal. In: Timoshkin, O.A., Proviz, V.I., Sitnikova, T.Ya., Arov, O.I., Belykh, N.A., Bondarenko, N.A., Boyko, E.G., Vologina, V.G., Gagarin, V.G., Grygier, M.J., Gunisheva, T.N., Gutsol, M.V., Dulmaa, A., Evstigneev, S.M., Evstigneeva, T.D., Zaytseva, E.P., Kamaltynov, R.M., Kulikova, N.N., Mazepova, G.F., Makarkina, N.V., Matafonov, P.V., Mats, V.D., Melnik, N.G., Mekhanokova, I.V., Mizandrontsev, I.B., Naumova, E.Yu., Naumova, T.V., Nepokrytykh, A.V., Obolkina, L.A., Penzina, M.M., Petrashyev, V.V., Pomazkova, G.I., Popova, O.V., Porfiriev, A.G., Rozhkova, N.A., Saibatalova, E.V., Slugina, Z.V., Sorokovikova, E.G., Spiglazov, L.P., Suturin, A.N., Tereza, E.P., Tikhonova, I.V., Khlystov, O.M., Shaburova, N.I. & Sheveleva, N.G. (Eds.), Index of animal species inhabiting lake Baikal and its catchment area. Vol. 2. Book 2. Nauka, Novosibirsk, pp. 1105–1164.
Timoshkin, O.A., Popova, O.V., Lukhnev, A.G. & Zaytseva E.P. (2014) Fauna and distribution of microturbellarians in the splash zone of Lake Baikal, with a discription of two new species of the genus Opisthocystis (Plathelminthes, Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 93, 412–425.
Willems, W.R., Sandberg, M.I. & Jondelius, U. (2007) First report on Rhabdocoela (Rhabditophora) from deep parts of Skagerrak, with the description of four new species. Zootaxa, 1616, 1–21. Erratum. Zootaxa, 1632, 68.
Willems, W.R., Schockaert, E.R. & Artois, T.J. (2006) Report on the Polycystididae (Rhabdocoela, Kalyptorhynchia) from Australia, with the description of twelve new species and six new genera. Hydrobiologia, 563, 329–355.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0041-3Young, J.O. (1976) The freshwater Turbellaria of the African Continent. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 197, 419–432.