Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4243 No. 1: 14 Mar. 2017
Type: Article
Published: 2017-03-13
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4243.1.3
Page range: 75–96
Abstract views: 197
PDF downloaded: 134

A new polytypic species of yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), from the Andean and coastal mountain systems of Venezuela and Colombia

Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela
Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela
Sección de Mastozoología, Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Sección de Mastozoología, Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela
Instituto Jardín Botánico de Mérida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
Mammalia Andes evolutionary species concept geographic variation morphometrics sexual dimorphism

Abstract

Sturnira is the most speciose genus of New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae). We name Sturnira adrianae, new species. This taxon is born polytypic, divided into a larger subspecies (S. a. adrianae) widespread in the mountains of northern and western Venezuela, and northern Colombia, and a smaller subspecies (S. a. caripana) endemic to the mountains of northeastern Venezuela. The new species inhabits evergreen, deciduous, and cloud forests at mainly medium (1000–2000 m) elevations. It has long been confused with S. ludovici, but it is more closely related to S. oporaphilum. It can be distinguished from other species of Sturnira by genetic data, and based on discrete and continuously varying characters. Within the genus, the new species belongs to a clade that also includes S. oporaphilum, S. ludovici, S. hondurensis, and S. burtonlimi. The larger new subspecies is the largest member of this clade. The two new subspecies are the most sexually dimorphic members of this clade. The smaller new subspecies is restricted to small mountain systems undergoing severe deforestation processes, therefore can be assigned to the Vulnerable (VU) conservation category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

 

References

  1. Anderson, R.P. & Gutiérrez, E.E. (2009) Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in central and eastern Venezuela, with the description of a new species from the Cordillera de la Costa. In: Voss R.S., Carleton M.D. (Eds.), Systematic Mammalogy: Contributions in Honor of Guy G. Musser. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 331, 33–93.
    https://doi.org/10.1206/582-2.1

    Anderson, R.P., Gutiérrez, E.E., Ochoa-G., J., García, F.J. & Aguilera, M. (2012) Faunal nestedness and species-area relationship for small non-volant mammals in “sky islands” of northern Venezuela. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 47, 157–170.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2012.745295

    Anderson, S., Creighton, G.K. & Koopman, K.F. (1982) Bats of Bolivia: an annotated checklist. American Museum Novitates, 2750, 1–24.

    Barquez, R.M., Mares, M.A. & Braun, J.K. (1999) The bats of Argentina. Special Publications of the Museum, Texas Tech University, 42, 1–275.

    Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, 57, 289–300.

    Cabrera, A. (1958) Catálogo de los mamíferos de América del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales «Bernardino Rivadavia», Ciencias Zoológicas, 4, 1–308.

    Campbell, P. (2008) The relationship between roosting ecology and degree of polygyny in harem-forming bats: perspectives from Cynopterus. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 1351–1360.
    https://doi.org/10.1644/08-mamm-s-059.1

    Cortés-Delgado, N. & Sosa, V.J. (2014) Do bats roost and forage in shade coffee plantations? A perspective from the frugivorous bat Sturnira hondurensis. Biotropica, 46, 624–632.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12142

    Dechmann, D.K.N., Kalko, E.K.V., König, B. & Kerth, G. (2005) Mating system of a Neotropical roost-making bat: the white-throated, round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 58, 316–325.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0913-y

    de la Torre, L. (1961) The Evolution, Variation, and Systematics of the Neotropical Bats of the genus Sturnira. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 143 pp.

    Evelyn, M.J. & Stiles, D.A. (2003) Roosting requirements of two frugivorous bats (Sturnira lilium and Arbiteus intermedius) in fragmented neotropical Forest. Biotropica, 35, 405–418.
    https://doi.org/10.1646/02063

    Fenton, M.B., Vonhof, M.J., Bouchard, S., Gill, S.A., Johnston, D.S., Reid, F.A., Riskin, D.K., Standing, K.L., Taylor, J.R. & Wagner, R. (2000) Roosts used by Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Belize. Biotropica, 32, 729–733.
    https://doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0729:rubslc]2.0.co;2

    Gardner, A.L. (2008) Subfamily Stenodermatinae. In: Gardner, A.L. (Ed.), Mammals of South America. Vol. 1. Marsupials, Xenarthrans, Shrews, and Bats. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 300–376.
    https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226282428.001.0001

    Good, J.M., Hird, S., Reid, N., Demboski, J.R., Steppan, S.J., Martin-Nims, T.R. & Sullivan, J. (2008) Ancient hybridization and mitochondrial capture between two species of chipmunks. Molecular Ecology, 17, 1313–1327.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03640.x

    Goodwin, G.G. (1969) Mammals from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 141, 1–269, pls. 1–40.

    Gutiérrez, E.E., Maldonado, J.E., Radosavljevic, A., Molinari, J., Patterson, B.D., Martínez-C, J.M., Rutter, A.R., Hawkins, M.T., García, F.J. & Helgen, K.M. (2015) The taxonomic status of Mazama bricenii and the significance of the Táchira Depression for mammalian endemism in the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela. PloS One, 10 (6), e0129113.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129113

    Hall, E.R. (1981) The Mammals of North America. 2nd Edition. Wiley, New York, 1181 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1380296

    Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95−98.

    Handley, C.O., Jr. (1976) Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20 (5), 1–91.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.5667

    Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H. & Yano, T. (1985) Dating the human-ape split by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 22, 160−174.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02101694

    Hershkovitz, P. (1949) Mammals of northern Colombia, preliminary report no. 5: bats (Chiroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 99, 429–454.
    https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.99-3246.429

    IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.

    Iudica, C.A. (2000) Systematic Revision of the Neotropical Fruit Bats of the Genus Sturnira: a Molecular and Morphological Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 284 pp.

    Jarrín-V., P. & Clare, E.L. (2013) Systematics of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Ecuador, with comments on species boundaries. Zootaxa, 3630 (1), 165–183.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3630.1.7

    Jarrín-V., P. & Kunz, T.H. (2011) A new species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Chocó forest of Ecuador. Zootaxa, 2755, 1–35.

    Jones, J.K., Jr. & Carter, D.C. (1976) Annotated checklist, with keys to subfamilies and genera. In: Baker, R.J., Jones, J.K., Jr., Carter, D.C. (Eds.), Biology of Bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part I. Special Publications of the Museum, Texas Tech University, 10, 7–38.

    Koopman, K.F. (1994) Chiroptera: Systematics. Handbuch der Zoologie. Vol. VIII. Mammalia. Part 60. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 217 pp.

    Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33, 1870–1874.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054

    Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23, 2947–2948.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404

    Loayza, A.P. & Loiselle, B.A. (2008) Preliminary information on the home range and movement patterns of Sturnira lilium (Phyllostomidae) in a naturally fragmented landscape in Bolivia. Biotropica, 40, 630–635.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00422.x

    McCarthy, T.J., Albuja V., L. & Alberico, M.S. (2006) A new species of Chocoan Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae) from western Ecuador and Colombia. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 75, 97–110.
    https://doi.org/10.2992/0097-4463(2006)75[97:ansocs]2.0.co;2

    Manzanilla, J., La Marca, E., Jowers, M., Sánchez, D. & García-París, M. (2005) Un nuevo Mannophryne (Amphibia: Anura: Dendrobatidae) del macizo del Turimiquire, noreste de Venezuela. Herpetotrópicos, 2, 105–113.

    Molinari, J. (1993) El mutualismo entre frugívoros y plantas en las selvas tropicales: aspectos paleobiológicos, autoecologías, papel comunitario. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 14, 1–44.

    Molinari, J. (2007) Variación geográfica en los venados de cola blanca (Cervidae, Odocoileus) de Venezuela, con énfasis en O. margaritae, la especie enana de la Isla de Margarita. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 167, 29–72.

    Molinari, J. & Soriano, P.J. (1987) Sturnira bidens. Mammalian Species, 276, 1–4.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3504017

    Molinari, J. & Soriano, P.J. (2014) Breeding and age-structure seasonality in Carollia brevicauda and other frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae) in cloud forests in the Venezuelan Andes. Therya, 5, 81–109.
    https://doi.org/10.12933/therya-14-179

    Muñoz-Saba, Y. (2009) Fauna de mamíferos de la Serranía de Perijá, Colombia. In: Rangel-Ch., J.O. (Ed.), Colombia Diversidad Biótica VIII. Media y Baja Montaña de la Serranía de Perijá. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, pp. 475–488.

    Myers, P., Espinosa, R., Parr, C.S., Jones, T., Hammond, G.S. & Dewey, T.A. (2016) The Animal Diversity Web (online). Available from: http://animaldiversity.org (accessed 21 March 2016)

    Ortiz-Ramírez, D., Lorenzo, C., Naranjo, E. & León-Paniagua, L. (2006) Selección de refugios por tres especies de murciélagos frugívoros (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en la Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 77, 261–270.

    Pacheco, V. & Patterson, B.D. (1992) Systematics and biogeographic analysis of four species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), with emphasis on Peruvian forms. In: Young, K.R., Valencia, N. (Eds.), Biogeografía, Ecología y Conservación del Bosque Montano en el Perú. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, pp. 57–81.

    Parolin, L.C., Bianconi, G.V. & Mikich, S.B. (2016) Consistency in fruit preferences across the geographical range of the frugivorous bats Artibeus, Carollia and Sturnira (Chiroptera). Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 106, e2016010.
    https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2016010

    Quiroga-Carmona, M. & Molinari, J. (2012) Description of a new shrew of the genus Cryptotis (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from the Sierra de Aroa, an isolated mountain range in northwestern Venezuela, with remarks on biogeography and conservation. Zootaxa, 3441, 1–20.

    Sambrook, J. & Russell, D.W. (2001) Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual, Third Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, Massachusetts, USA. 2344 pp.

    Sánchez, M.S., Giannini, N.P. & Barquez, R.M. (2012) Bat frugivory in two subtropical rain forests of Northern Argentina: testing hypotheses of fruit selection in the Neotropics. Mammalian Biology, 77, 22–31.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2011.06.002

    Sánchez-Hernández, C., Romero-Almaraz, M.L. & Schnell, G.D. (2005) New species of Sturnira (Chiropte
    https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[866:nsoscp]2.0.co;2

    Simmons, N.B. (2005) Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (Eds.), Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Vol. 1. 3rd Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 312–529.
    https://doi.org/10.1108/09504120610673024

    Simpson, G.G. (1951) The species concept. Evolution, 5, 285–298.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/2405675

    Soriano, P.J. (2000) Functional structure of bat communities in tropical rainforests and Andean cloud forests. Ecotropicos, 13, 1–20.

    Soriano, P.J. & Molinari, J. (1987) Sturnira aratathomasi. Mammalian Species, 284, 1–4.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3504032

    Tamsitt, J.R. & Häuser, C. (1985) Sturnira magna. Mammalian Species, 240, 1–4.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3503853

    Tschudi, J.J. von (1844) Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana. Druck und Verlag von Scheitlin und Zollikofer, St. Gallen, 35 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60791

    Tukey, J.W. (1977) Box-and-whisker plots. In: Tukey, J.W. (Ed.), Explanatory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, pp. 39–43.
    https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.4710230408

    Velazco, P.M. & Patterson, B.D. (2013) Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 68, 683–698.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.016

    Velazco, P.M. & Patterson, B.D. (2014) Two new species of yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira Gray, 1842 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from Costa Rica, Panama and western Ecuador. ZooKeys, 402, 43–66.
    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.402.7228