Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4244 No. 1: 17 Mar. 2017
Type: Article
Published: 2017-03-17
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.8
Page range: 137–144
Abstract views: 88
PDF downloaded: 1

Chromosomal evidence for a new cryptic species of black fly in the Simulium praelargum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) from West Bengal, India

P.G. Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India.
Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University Clemson, SC 29634-0310 USA.
P.G. Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India.
P.G. Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India.
P.G. Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India.
Diptera cryptic species polytene chromosomes Simulium feuerborni group Simulium praelargum speciation

Abstract

Analyses of polytene chromosomes revealed a new cryptic species of black fly, Simulium praelargum “IL”, in the Simulium (Nevermania) feuerborni group from Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. This new species occurred sympatrically with two other previously recognized species in the S. praelargum complex: Simulium praelargum Datta sensu stricto and Simulium praelargum “IIIL-1.2”. Chromosome arms IS, IIS, IIL, and IIIS of the new species showed no differences in banding patterns, compared with the sequences in Simulium praelargum s. s. and Simulium praelargum “IIIL-1.2”. Chromosome arm IIIL of the new species was identical to that of S. praelargum s. s., but differed from that of S. praelargum “IIIL-1.2” by two fixed inversions. Chromosome arm IL of the new species differed from that of both species by four fixed inversions: IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-4. The new species and S. praelargum s. s. lacked a chromocenter, which was present in S. praelargum “IIIL-1.2”. Sex chromosomes of the new species were cytologically undifferentiated (X0X0, X0Y0) and all specimens were monomorphic for autosomal inversion polymorphisms. Speciation in the S. feuerborni group, unlike in many other simuliid taxa, did not involve cytological differentiation of sex chromosomes.

 

References

  1. Adler, P.H. (2005) Black flies, the Simuliidae. In Marquardt, W.C. (Ed.), Biology of Disease Vectors. 2nd Edition. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 127−140.

    Adler, P.H. & Crosskey, R.W. (2015) Cytotaxonomy of the Simuliidae (Diptera): a systematic and bibliographic conspectus. Zootaxa, 3975 (1), 1−139.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3975.1.1

    Adler, P.H. & Crosskey, R.W. (2016) World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory. Available from: http://www.clemson.edu/cafls/biomia/pdfs/blackflyinventory.pdf (accessed 20 February 2017)

    Adler, P.H., Yadamsuren, O. & Procunier, W.S. (2016) Chromosomal translocations in black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): facilitators of adaptive radiation? PLoS ONE, 11 (6), e0158272.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158272

    Bedo, D.G. (1976) Polytene chromosomes in pupal and adult black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Chromosoma, 57, 387−396.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00332162

    Brockhouse, C. (1985) Sibling species and sex chromosomes in Eusimulium vernum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canaadian Jounal of Zoology, 63, 2145–2161.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/z85-316

    Datta, M. (1975) A new black fly species (Simuliidae-Diptera) from the Darjeeling area, India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, 81 B (2), 67–74.

    Dey, S.K. & Fumafartsok, T.W. (1984) Supernumerary chromosomes in two species of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Cell & Chromosome Research, 7, 28–30.

    Dey, S.K., Henry, W. & Varma, R. (1993) The salivary gland chromosomes of the black fly Simulium (Simulium) singtamense (Diptera: Simuliidae). Cytologia, 58, 299−304.
    https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.58.299

    Hadi, U.K., Takaoka, H. & Aoki, C. (1996) Larval polytene chromosomes of three Japanese blackfly species (Diptera: Simuliidae). Medical Entomology & Zoology, 47, 47–54.
    https://doi.org/10.7601/mez.47.47_1

    Henry, W., Dey, S.K. & Varma, R. (2009) The salivary gland chromosomes of the black fly Simulium (Simulium) dentatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zoological Science, 26, 216−219.
    https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.26.216

    Henry, W., Dey, S.K., Varma, R., Thapa, S. & Procunier, W.S. (2010) Polytene chromosomes of an Indian Himalayan black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) praelargum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Current Zoology, 56 (4), 437–444.

    Hunter, F.F. & Connolly, V. (1986) A cytotaxonomic investigation of seven species in the Eusimulium vernum group (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 296–311.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-050

    Kuvangkadilok, C., Phayuhasena, S. & Baimai, V. (1999) Population cytogenetic studies on Simulium feuerborni Edwards (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Northern Thailand. Genome, 42, 80–86.
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-42-1-80

    Kuvangkadilok, C., Lualon, U. & Baimai, V. (2008) Cytotaxonomy of Simulium siamense Takaoka and Suzuki (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Genome, 51, 972−987.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/G08-082

    Low, V.L., Takaoka, H., Pramual, P., Adler, P.H., Ya’cob, Z., Huang, Y.-T., Pham, X.D., Ramli, R., Chen, C.D., Wannaket, A. & Sofian-Azirun, M. (2016) Delineating taxonomic boundaries in the largest species complex of black flies (Simuliidae) in the Oriental Region. Scientific Reports, 6 (20346), 1−8.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20346

    Otsuka, Y., Aoki, C., Saito, K., Hadi, U.K., Suzuki, H. & Takaoka, H. (2001) Phylogenetic analyses of a black fly subgenus Simulium (Nevermannia) based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, 29, 261−266.
    https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh1973.29.261

    Pramual, P. & Wongpakam, K. (2013) Population genetics of the high elevation black fly Simulium (Nevermannia) feuerborni Edwards in Thailand. Journal of Entomological Science, 16, 298–308.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12008

    Pramual, P., Thaijarern, J., Azirun, M., Ya’cob, Z., Hadi, U. & Takaoka, H. (2015) Cytogenetic and molecular evidence of additional cryptic diversity in high elevation black fly Simulium feuerborni (Diptera: Simuliidae) populations in Southeast Asia. Journal of Medical Entomology, 52, 829–836.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjv080

    Procunier, W.S. (1989) Cytological approaches to simuliid biosystematics in relation to the epidemiology and control of human onchocerciasis. Genome, 32, 559−569.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/g89-483

    Rothfels, K.H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507–539.
    https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.002451

    Rothfels, K., Feraday, R. & Kaneps, A. (1978) A cytological description of sibling species of Simulium venustum and S. verecundum with standard maps for the subgenus Simulium Davies [sic] (Diptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56, 1110–1128.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/z78-155

    Takaoka, H., Thapa, S. & Henry, W. (2010) Description of two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Darjeeling, India. Medical Entomology & Zoology, 61, 105−110.
    https://doi.org/10.7601/mez.61.105

    Takaoka, H., Thapa, S. & Henry, W. (2011) A new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) with an entirely yellow thorax from Darjeeling, India. Zootaxa, 2824, 62–68.

    Tangkawanit, U., Kuvangkadilok, C., Baimai, V. & Adler, P.H. (2009) Cytosystematics of the Simulium tuberosum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155, 289−315.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00433.x

    Thanwasi, A., Kuvangkadilok, C. & Baimai, V. (2006) Molecular phylogeny of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand, using ITS rDNA. Genetica, 128, 177−204.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-005-5702-z

    Thapa, S., Procunier, W., Henry, W. & Chhetri, S. (2014) Heterochromatin and sibling species of Simulium praelargum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Genome, 57, 223–232.
    https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2014-0025