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Issue: Vol. 4274 No. 1: 8 Jun. 2017
Type: Monograph
Published: 2017-06-08
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4274.1.1
Page range: 1–86
Abstract views: 182
PDF downloaded: 13

Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)

Laboratorio de Ecología, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 314, Tlalnepantla, 54090 México, México.
Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX, U.S.A.
Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán, México.
Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán, México.
Laboratorio de Ecología, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 314, Tlalnepantla, 54090 México, México.
Diptera Integrative taxonomy Neotropics Pyrgomorphidae Sphenarium male genitalia morphology molecular phylogenetics species phylogeny

Abstract

The genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 comprises the most diverse group of the New World Pyrgomorphidae. These grasshoppers show an extensive variation in external morphology, and are culturally and economically important for Mexican people since pre-Hispanic times. Nevertheless, the taxonomy of Sphenarium has been chaotic and remained incompletely resolved until now. Following an integrative taxonomic framework, we infer the number of species in this genus by species delimitation based on morphological, phylogenetic, and geographic information. Based on our results, we revise the genus and redefine 9 species and describe 8 new species (S. adelinae sp.n., S. crypticum sp.n., S. infernalis sp.n., S. miztecum sp.n., S. occidentalis sp.n., S. tarascum sp.n., S. totonacum sp.n. and S. zapotecum sp.n.). Moreover, we update the knowledge of the evolutionary relationships and biogeographic patterns of Sphenarium species. Our results also demonstrate the importance of historic geological and climatic events on the lineage diversification of this genus. Different levels of morphological and genetic differentiation among species suggest a complex interplay between evolutionary forces during the evolution of these neotropical grasshoppers.

 

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