Abstract
Lacrimacandona n. gen. with its type species Lacrimacandona wisei n. sp. from the San Marcos artesian well on the Texas State University campus (Hays County, Texas, USA) is proposed as a new genus of the subfamily Candoninae. The new species is sexually dimorphic, and so far no congeneric species have been found. The new genus has the following distinguishing characters: subtriangular carapace tapering posteriorly, uropod with a claw-like anterior seta and two short claws, one long “a” setae on male maxilliped, very large asymmetric clasping organs in males, unique shape and size of hemipenis, and unique occurrence of setae on segments.
References
Ashworth, J. & Hopkins, J. (1995) Aquifers of Texas. Report 345. Texas Water Development Board, Texas, pp. 1–69.
Baird, W. (1862) Description of some new Species of Entomostracous Crustacea. Journal of Natural History, 3, 1–6.
Baker, E.T. Jr., Slade, R.M. Jr., Dorsey, M.E., Ruiz, L.M. & Duffin, G.L. (1986) Geohydrology of the Edwards aquifer in the Austin area, Texas. Report 293. Texas Water Development Board, Texas, 217 pp.
Barr, T.C. Jr. (1967) Observations on the ecology of caves. The American Naturalist, 101, 475–491.
https://doi.org/10.1086/282512Bouwer, H. (1978) Groundwater hydrology. Mc Graw-Hill College, New York, 480 pp.
Broodbakker, N.W. (1983) The subfamily Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the West Indies. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 53, 287–326.
Broodbakker, N.W. & Danielopol, D.L. (1982) The chaetotaxy of Cypridacea (Crustacea, Ostracoda) limbs: proposals for a descriptive model. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 52, 103–120.
Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) Biology of caves and other subterranean habitats. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 256 pp.
Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2015) Shifting paradigms of the evolution of cave life. Acta Carsologica, 44, 415–425.
Culver, D.C. & Sket, B. (2000) Hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in caves and wells. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 62, 11–17.
Danielopol, D.L. (1978) Über Herkunft und Morphologie der Süsswasser–hypogäischen Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Sitzungsberichte Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Kl., (I) 187 (1–5). Österreich. Akad, Vienna, 162 pp.
Danielopol, D.L., Baltanás, A., Morocutti, U. & Österreicher, F. (2011) On the need to renew the taxonomic system of the Candoninae (Non-Marine Ostracoda, Crustacea). Reflexions from an analysis of data using the Yule Process. Geo-Eco-Marina, 17, 195–210.
De Deckker, P. (1974) Australocypris, a new ostracod genus from Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 22, 91–104.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO9740091De Deckker, P. (1978) Comparative morphology and review of Mytilocypridinid ostracods (family Cyprididae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 58, 1–62.
Ferguson, E., Jr. (1967) New Ostracods from the Playa lakes of eastern New Mexico and western Texas. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 86, 244–250.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3224589Garza, S.J., Wilson, K.R. & Bowser, G. (2015) Removal of artesian wells in Great Sand Dunes National Park and its aftermath on small mammals, plant cover, and area disturbance by ungulates. Park Science, 32, 57–64.
Grey, C.J. & Engel, A.S. (2012) Microbial diversity and impact on carbonate geochemistry across a changing geochemical gradient in a karst aquifer. The ISME Journal, 7, 325–327.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.105Gupta, L.P. (1984) Indocandona krishnakanti gen. et sp. nov. (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Candonidae) from subterranean water of Bihar, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 8, 291–298.
Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2012) Description of a new genus and species of Candonopsini (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Candoninae) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy, 33, 1–31.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2012.33Higuti, J. & Martens, K. (2014) Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy, 106, 1–36.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2014.106Holsinger, J.R. & Longley, G. (1980) The subterranean amphipod crustacean fauna of an artesian well in Texas. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 308, 1–62.
Horne, F.R. (1993) Survival strategy to escape desiccation in a freshwater ostracod, Crustaceana, 65, 53–61.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854093X00379Horne, F.R. (1996) Ostracods of Texas playas. The Southwestern Naturalist, 41, 450–455.
Hutchins, B.T., Engel, A.S., Nowlin, W.H. & Schwartz, B.F. (2016) Chemolithoautotrophy supports macroinvertebrate food webs and affects diversity and stability in groundwater communities. Ecology, 97, 1530–1542.
https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1129.1Hutchins, B.T., Schwartz, B.F. & Nowlin, W.H. (2014) Morphological and trophic specialization in a subterranean amphipod assemblage. Freshwater Biology, 59, 2447–2461.
https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12440Karanovic, I. (2001) Meischcandona gen. nov. from Africa, with a key to the genera of the subfamily Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Biologie, 71, 93–99.
Karanovic, I. (2003a) Towards a revision of Candoninae (Crustacea: Ostracoda): description of two new genera from Australian groundwaters. Species Diversity, 8, 353–383.
Karanovic, I. (2003b) A new genus of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Candonidae) from the subterranean waters of southwestern Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 21, 315–332.
Karanovic, I. (2004) Towards a revision of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda): on the genus Candonopsis Vávra, with descriptions of new taxa. Subterranean Biology, 2, 91–108.
Karanovic, I. (2005a) Towards a revision of Candoninae (Crustacea: Ostracoda): Australian representatives of the subfamily, with descriptions of three new genera and seven new species. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 39, 29–75.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2005.9517292Karanovic, I. (2005b) Comparative morphology of the Candoninae antennula, with remarks on the ancestral state in ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) and proposed new terminology. Spixiana, 28, 141–160.
Karanovic, I. (2005c) A new Candoninae genus (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from subterranean waters of Queensland, with a cladistic analysis of the tribe Candonopsini. Memoires of the Queensland Museum, 50, 303–319.
Karanovic, I. (2006) Recent Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Candonidae) of North America. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 71, 1–75.
https://doi.org/10.18195/issn.0313-122x.71.2006.001-075Karanovic, I. (2007) Candoninae ostracodes from the Pilbara region in Western Australia. Crustaceana, Monographs 7, 1–433.
https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004156937.i-434Karanovic, I. (2012) Recent freshwater Ostracods of the world: Crustacea, Ostracoda, Podocopida. Springer Publishing, Heidelberg, 605 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21810-1Karanovic, I. (2013) Earicandona, new genus and the first record of Typhlocypris pratensis (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from South Korea. Journal of Species Research, 2, 145–158.
https://doi.org/10.12651/JSR.2013.2.2.145Karanovic, I. & Marmonier, P. (2003) Three new genera and nine new species of the subfamily Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Podocopida) from the Pilbara region (Western Australia). Beaufortia, 53,1–51.
Krömmelbein, K. (1975) Ostracoden aus der Kreide des Great Artesian Basin, Queensland, Australien. Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 55, 455–483.
Krstić, N. & Guan, S. (2000) A proposal for the systematics of the subfamily Candoninae ostracodes with the description of the Macedocandona, new genus. Geologica Macedonica, 14, 25–48.
Külköylüoğlu, O. (2009) Ecological Succession of Freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) in a newly developed rheocrene spring (Bolu, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 33 (2), 115–123.
Külköylüoğlu, O., Gibson, R., Diaz, P.H. & Colin, J.P. (2011) Bicornucandona gen. nov., sp. nov. (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Finegan Springs (Texas, USA). Zootaxa, 3059, 47–58.
Külköylüoğlu, O. & Vinyard, G.L. (2000) The distribution and the ecology of the freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) collected from springs of Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon: A preliminary study. Western North American Naturalist, 60, 291–303.
Longley, G. (1981) The Edwards Aquifer: Earth’s Most Diverse Groundwater Ecosystem? International Journal of Speleology, 11, 123–128.
https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.11.1.12Maddocks, R.F. (1982) Texas Ostracoda, Guidebook of Excursions and Related Papers for the Eighth International Symposium on Ostracoda. Department of Geosciences, University of Houston, Texas, 352 pp.
Maddocks, R.F. (1985) Ostracoda of Cretaceous–Tertiary contact sections in central Texas. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 35, 445–456.
Martens, K. (1987) Homology and functional morphology of the sexual dimorphism in the antenna of Sclerocypris Sars, 1924 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Megalocypridinae), Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 57, 183–190.
Martens, K. & Savatenalinton, S. (2011) A subjective checklist of the Recent, free-living, non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 2855, 1–79.
Meisch, C. (2000) Freshwater Ostracoda of Western and Central Europe (Süsswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa) Spektrum Akad. Verlag / Gustav Fischer, Heidelberg, 522 pp.
Namiotko, T., Danielopol, D.L., Meisch, C., Gross, M. & Mori, N. (2014) Redefinition of the genus Typhlocypris Vejdovský, 1882 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Candonidae). Crustaceana, 87, 952–984.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003338Ogden, A.E., Quick, R.A. & Rothermel, S.R. (1986) Hydrochemistry of the Comal, Hueco, and San Marcos Springs, Edwards Aquifer, Texas. In: Abbott, P.L. & Woodruff, C.M. Jr. (Eds.), The Balcones Escarpment: Geology, Hydrology, Ecology and Social Development in Central Texas. Geological Society of America, San Antonio, TX, pp. 115–131.
Pipík, R. & Bodergat, A.M. (2005) Espèces du groupe de Candona candida, Candona neglecta et quelques Candona à l’aspect morphologique problématique (Candonidae, Ostracoda) du Bassin de Turiec (Miocène supérieur, Slovaquie). Annales de Paléontologie, 91, 279–309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2005.05.003Pipík, R. & Bodergat, A.M. (2007) Candoninae trapézoïdales (Crustacea, Ostracoda) du Bassin de Turiec (Slovaquie) du Miocène supérieur: systématique, écologie et évolution. Upper Miocene trapezoidal Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) of the Turiec Basin (Slovakia): Systematics, ecology and evolution. Geobios, 40, 645–676.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2006.02.003Ponder, W.F. (2004) Endemic aquatic macroinvertebrates of artesian springs of the Great Artesian Basin – progress and future directions. Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series, 7, 101–110.
Sampat, P. (2001) Pollution in Underground water. In: Brown, L.R., Flavin, C. & French, H. (Eds.), State of the World 2001. Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C., pp. 21–42.
Shiklomanov, I. (1993) World fresh water resources. In: Gleick, P.H. (Ed.), Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 11–24.
Smith, R.J. (2011) Groundwater, spring and interstitial Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Shiga Prefecture, Japan, including descriptions of three new species and one new genus. Zootaxa, 3140, 15–37.
Stejneger, L. (1896) Description of a new genus and species of blind tailed batrachian from the subterranean waters of Texas. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 18, 619–621.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.1088.619Stephenson, M.B. (1944) New Ostracoda from Subsurface Middle Tertiary strata of Texas. Jorunal of Paleontology, 18, 156–161.
Stout, L.N. (1976) Review and index through 1975 of Genus Candona (Ostracoda) in North America (Exclusive of Pre-Quaternary Species). Microform publication Geological Society of America, Boulder, 82 pp.
Tressler, W.L. (1947) Checklist of known species of North American freshwater Ostracoda. American Midland Naturalist Journal, 38, 698–707.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2421687Tressler, W.L. (1954) Fresh-water ostracoda from Texas and Mexico. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 44, 138–149.
Tressler, W.L. (1959) Ostracoda. In: Edmondson, W.T. (Ed.), Freshwater Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 657–734.
USEPA. (2002) National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington D.C., pp. 1–30.
USGS [United States Geological Survey] (1983) National Water Survey, Water Supply. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 113 pp.
Wise, C.D. (1961) Taxonomy and Ecology of fresh-water ostracods of south-central Texas. Ph.D. thesis, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 334 pp.