Abstract
This paper reports the occurrence of 11 species of freshwater bryozoans collected from the States of Pará and São Paulo, Brazil, including two new genera and four new species. Two new families are erected, Tapajosellidae n. fam. in the Class Phylactolaemata, and Natanellidae n. fam. in the Class Gymnolaemata, Order Ctenostomata. One new genus, Tapajosella n. gen., accommodates the new phylactolaemate genus and species, Tapajosella elongata n. sp. The other new genus, Natanella n. gen., includes the former ctenostome, Hislopia natans, now Natanella natans n. comb. Other new species are the phylactolaemates, Plumatella pirassununga n. sp., Plumatella jariensis n. sp., and Fredericella tenax n. sp. Additional species include the ctenostome Hislopia corderoi Mané-Garzón, 1960, and the phylactolamates Plumatella osburni (Rogick & Brown, 1942), Plumatella siolii Wiebach, 1970, Plumatella casmiana Oka, 1907, Plumatella marcusi Wiebach, 1970, and possibly Plumatella philippinensis Kraepelin, 1887. The notable expansion in diversity of freshwater bryozoans from Brazil revealed by material amassed during brief and spatially-limited collection is suggestive of considerable undiscovered diversity in this poorly studied region of the world.
References
Allman, G. (1844) Synopsis of the genera and species of zoophytes inhabiting the fresh waters of Ireland. Journal of Natural History, 13 (85), 328–331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03745484409442614
Allman, G. (1856) A monograph of the fresh-water Polyzoa, including all the known species, both British and foreign. Ray Society, 28, 1–119.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9143
Alsdorf, D., Han, S.C., Bates, P. & Melack, J. (2010) Seasonal water storage on the Amazon floodplain measured from satellites. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114 (11), 2448–2456.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.020
Annandale, N. (1909) Preliminary note on a new genus of phylactolaematous Polyzoa. Records of the Indian Museum, 3, 279–280
Blumenbach, J.F. (1779) Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Johann Christian Dieterich, Göttingen, 559 pp.
Bonetto, A. & Cordiviola, E. (1963) Notas sobre Bryozoos (Endoprocta y Ectoprocta) del rio Paraná. I. Urnatella gracilis Leidy e Hislopia lacustris Carter en el Paraná medio. Physis, 24 (67), 81–85.
Bushnell, J. (1965) On the taxonomy and distribution of freshwater Ectoprocta in Michigan. III. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 84 (4), 529–548.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3224799
Bushnell, J. (1982) Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. In: Hurlbert, S. & Villalobos-Figueroa, A. (Eds.), Aquatic Biota of Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. San Diego, Calif. (Dept. of Biology, San Diego State University), 529 pp.
Busk, G. (1852) An account of the Polyzoa, and sertularian zoophytes, collected in the Voyage of the Rattlesnake, on the coasts of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago. In: MacGillivray, J. (Ed.), Narrative of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Rattlesnake Vol. 1. T. & W. Boone, London, pp. 343–402.
Carter, H.J. (1858) Description of a lacustrine bryozoan allied to Flustra. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1 (3), 169–171, pl. 7.
DuBois-Reymond Marcus, E. (1953) Bryozoa from Lake Titicaca. Boletin Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras (Zoologie), 18, 149–63.
Dubois-Reymond Marcus, E. (1984) Notes on some Brazilian Ectoprocta. Boletim de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 8, 137–143.
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3358.bolzoo.1984.122180
Gervais, P. (1838) Recherches sur les polypes d’eau douce. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris 1838, 129–130.
Goddard, E.J. (1909) Australian freshwater Polyzoa. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 45, 487–496.
Hartikainen, H., Fontes, I. & Okamura, B. (2013) Parasitism and phenotypic change in colonial hosts. Parasitology, 140, 1403–1412.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182013000899
Hartikainen, H., Waeschenbach, A., Wöss, E., Wood, T. & Okamura, B. (2013) Divergence and species discrimination in freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 168 (1), 61–80.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12025
Hartikainen, H. & Okamura, B. (2015) Ecology and evolution of malacosporean–bryozoan interactions. In: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A. & Bartholomew, J. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 201–216.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_11
Hirose, M. & Mawatari, S.F. (2011a) Freshwater Bryozoa of Okinawa, Japan, with descriptions of Rumarcanella gen nov. (Phylactolaemata: Plumatellidae) and two new species. Zootaxa, 2732, 1–19.
Hondt, J.-L. d’ (2014) Addendunm et corrigendum aux “Tabular Keys for Identification of the Recent Ctenostomatous Bryozoa” (1983). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 139 (1–4), 143–197.
Hirose, M. & Mawatari, S.F. (2011b) Freshwater Bryozoa of Lake Biwa, Japan. Species Diversity, 16, 1–37.
Jullien, J. (1885) Monographie des Bryozoaires d’eau douce. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 10, 91–207.
Kraepelin, K. (1887) Die deutschen Süsswasser–Bryozoen. Eine Monographie. Abhandlungen Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein in Hamburg, 19 (1887), 1–168.
Kraepelin, K. (1906) Eine Süsswasserbryozoë (Plumatella) aus Java. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 23, 143–146.
Lacourt, A.W. (1968) A Monograph of the Freshwater Bryozoa—Phylactolaemata. Zoologische Verhandelingen, No. 93. E.J. Brill, Leiden, 159 pp.
Mané-Garzón, F. (1960) Una nueva especie del género Hislopia (Bryozoa Ectoprocta) del Uruguay. Actas y trabajos del Primer Congreso Sudamericano de Zoología, 2 (3), 213–216.
Massard, J. & Geimer, G. (2008) Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater: an update. Bulletin de la Société des naturalists luxembourbeois, 109, 139–148.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_11
Marcus, E. (1941) Sôbre Bryozoa do Brasil. Boletin da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, 5, 3–208, 18 pl.
Marcus, E. (1942) Sôbre Bryozoa do Brasil II. Boletin da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, 6, 57–96, 5 pl.
Marsh, T. & Wood, T. (2002) Results of a freshwater bryozoan survey in the Pacific Northwestern United States. In: Wyse Jackson, P.N., Buttler, C.J. & Spencer Jones, M. (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2001: Proceedings of the 12th International Bryozoology Association. Balkema: Rotterdam & Brookfield, pp. 207–214.
Oka, A. (1891) Observations on fresh-water Polyzoa (Pectinatella gelatinosa nov. sp.). Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 4, 89–150.
Oka, A. (1907) Zur Kenntnis der Süsswasser–Bryozoenfauna von Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 6, 117–123.
Orellana Liebbe, M. (2006) Estado de conocimiento de los bryozoos dulceacuicolas de Chile. Gayana, 70 (1), 96–99.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-65382006000100015
Rogick, M. (1941) Studies on fresh-water Bryozoa. X. The occurrence of Plumatella casmiana in North America. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 60 (2), 211–220.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3222706
Rogick, M. & Brown, C. (1942) Studies on fresh-water Bryozoa XII. A collection from various sources. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 43 (3), 123–144.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1942.tb47946.x
Rogick, M. (1945) Studies on fresh-water Bryozoa. XVI. Fredericella australiensis var. browni, n.var. Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole), 89 (3), 215–228.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1538331
Shrivastava, P. (1981) Swarupella gen. nov. (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata) from India. Bioresearch, 5 (1), 53–55.
Smith, D. & Wood, T. (1995) A review of Plumatella javanica Kraepelin 1906 (Ectoprocta) with a reassessment of statoblast morphology. Tropical Zoology, 8, 361–366.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1995.10539293
Toriumi, M. (1951) Taxonomical study on fresh-water Bryozoa I. Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach). The Science Reports of the Tôhoku University, Fourth Series, Biology, 19 (2), 167–177.
Toriumi, M. (1952) Taxonomical study on fresh-water Bryozoa III. Plumatella osburni (Rogick et Brown). The Science Reports of the Tôhoku University, Fourth Series, Biology, 19 (3), 260–263.
Wiebach, F. (1967) Amazonische Moostiere (Bryozoa). Amazoniana, 1 (2), 173–187.
Wiebach, F. (1970) Amazonische Moostiere (Bryozoa) II. Amazoniana, 2 (3), 353–362.
Wiebach, F. (1974) Amazonische Moostiere (Bryozoa) III. Amazoniana, 5 (2), 293–303.
Wood, T.S. (2001) Three new species of plumatellid bryozoans (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata)
defined by statoblast nodules. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 20 (1), 133–143.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1468194
Wood, T.S. (2008) Development and metamorphosis of cyphonautes larvae in the freshwater
ctenostome bryozoan, Hislopia malayensis Annandale, 1916. In: Hageman, S., Key, M. & Winston, J. (Eds.), Bryozoan Studies 2007, Proceedings of the 14th International Bryozoology Association Conference. Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication No. 15, Martinsville, Virginia, pp. 339–346.
Wood, T.S. (2015) Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). In: Thorp, J. & Rogers, D.C. (Eds.), Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates, Vol 2. Keys to Nearctic Fauna. Academic Press, Elsevier, pp. 265–274.
Wood, T.S. & Backus, B. (1992) Differentiation of North American and European forms of Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach) (Ectoprocta: Phylactolaemata). Hydrobiologia, 237, 185–193.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005850
Wood, T. & Okamura, B. (2005) The freshwater bryozoans of Britain, Ireland, and Continental Europe. Scientific Publication No, 63, Freshwater Biology Association of the United Kingdom, Swansholme, UK, 113 pp.
Wood, T., Anurakpongsatorn, P. & Mahujchariyawong, J. (2006a) Swimming zooids: an unusual dispersal strategy in the ctenostome bryozoan, Hislopia. Linzer Biologische Beiträge, 38 (1), 71–75.
Wood, T.S., Anurakpongsatorn, P. & Mahujchariyawong, J. (2006b) Freshwater bryozoans of Thailand (Ectoprocta and Entoprocta). The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 6 (2), 83–119.
Wood, T.S., Anurakpongsatorn, P. & Mahujchariyawong, J. (2010) Introduction to the study of freshwater bryozoans in Thailand. Kasetsart University Press, Bangkok, Thailand, 142 pp.
Wöss, E. & Spencer Jones, M. (2014) Lophopus jheringi Meissner, 1893: a taxonomic discussion. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, 94 (2014), 273–281.