Abstract
Although the knowledge of South American Acanthosomatidae has increased in the past decade, still little is known about the features or natural history of several genera. Pseudosinopla canaliculus (Reed, 1898) is a rare Acanthosomatid, known so far only from its type. In this work, rediscovery of P. canaliculus in the regions Araucania and Los Rios in Chile is reported. Part of the internal female genitalia is described. The classification of Pseudosinopla within the Acanthosomatidae is analyzed resulting in the genus being transferred from the Lanopini to Blaudusini. Additionally, the biogeography and phylogenetic relationships of the group are discussed. It is hypothesized that Pseudosinopla forms part of a Gondwanian relict. And that similarly to other heteropterans, the association among several acanthosomatids with Nothofagus Blume forests has shaped the evolutionary patterns of the group. Finally, a nomenclatural note on the Blaudusinae is provided.
References
Carvajal, M.A. & Faúndez, E.I. (2013) Rediscovery of Sinopla humeralis Signoret, 1864 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Zootaxa, 3637 (2), 190–196.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3637.2.10Carvajal, M.A. (2014) Descripción de la ninfa de V de Cylindrocnema plana Mayr, 1864 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 55, 243–245.
Carvajal, M.A., Faúndez, E.I. & Rider, D.A. (2014) New data on the genus Ea Distant, 1911 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae), with description of a new species from Chile. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 42 (2), 53–58.
Carvajal, M.A., Rider, D.A. & Faúndez, E.I. (2015) Revision of the genus Tolono Rolston & Kumar, 1975 (Hemíptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) with description of two new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 117 (1), 7–13.
https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.117.1.7Carvajal, M.A., Faúndez, E.I. & Rider, D.A. (2016) Biogeographical and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the South American Acanthosomatidae: A first Approach. XXV International Congress of Entomology. ICE. Orlando, Fl. Available from: https://esa.confex.com/esa/ice2016/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/114977 (accessed 31 July 2017)
Faúndez, E.I. (2008) A new record of Mazanoma variada Rolston & Kumar, 1974 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 43, 499–500.
Faúndez, E.I. (2009a) Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Acrophyma Bergroth, 1917 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Zootaxa, 2137, 57–65.
Faúndez, E.I. (2009b) Sinopla perpunctatus Signoret, 1864 or Sinopla perpunctata Signoret, 1864? A problematic name for a South American shield bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, 44, 553–554.
Faúndez, E.I. & Osorio, G.A. (2010) Contribution to the knowledge of Cylindrocnema plana Mayr, 1864 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 38 (1), 159–161.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-686X2010000100013Faúndez, E.I. (2014) A new genus for a Chilean species of Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Zootaxa, 3768 (5), 596–600.
Faúndez, E.I., Carvajal, M.A. & Rider, D.A. (2014) Archaeoditomotarsus crassitylus, gen. and sp. nov. from Chile. Zootaxa, 3860 (1), 87–91.
Faúndez, E.I. & Ashworth, A.C. (2015) Notas sobre la familia Gelastocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) en el extremo sur de Chile, con descripción de un subgénero y especie nuevos. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 43 (2), 69–74.
https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-686X2015000200005Faúndez, E.I. & Carvajal, M.A. (2016) Description of the 5th instar nymph of Oenopiella punctaria (Stål, 1859) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with new distributional records from Southern Patagonia. Zootaxa, 4067 (2), 246–250.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4067.2.9Froeschner, R.C. (2000) Revision of the South American genus Hellica Stål (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 107 (2–3), 164–170.
ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature] (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.
Kment, P. (2006) Revision of the genus Mahea Distant, 1909 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae), with review of the Acanthosomatidae of Madagascar and Seychelles. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 45 (2005), 21–50.
Kumar, R. (1974) A revision of world Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea): Keys to and descriptions of subfamilies, tribes and genera, with designation of types. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 34, 1–60.
https://doi.org/10.1071/AJZS034McDonald, F.J.D. (1966) The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Quaestiones Entomologicae, 2, 7–150.
Prado, E.C. (2008) Conocimiento actual de Hemiptera—Heteroptera de Chile con lista de especies. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 57, 31–75.
Reed, E.C. (1898) Sinopsis de los Hemípteros de Chile. Primera parte: Heterópteros. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 2 (10–11), 128–138.
Tsai, J., Kudo, S. & Yoshizawa, K. (2015) Maternal care in Acanthosomatinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)—correlated evolution with morphological change. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15 (258), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0537-4Wang, X., Liu, G. & Cassis, G. (2015) Revision of Panaetius Stål (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae) from Australia, including the description of two new species and phylogenetic analysis. Austral Entomology, 54, 445–464.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12154