Abstract
Centrophorus specimens with a distinctive long-based first dorsal fin (long-finned species) have previously been considered to be Centrophorus lusitanicus first described from Portugal. Critical examination of the original description and illustration reveal that C. lusitanicus should be considered a junior synonym of C. granulosus. However, the specimen considered to be the syntype of C. lusitanicus in the Natural History Museum in London is clearly a long-finned species and not conspecific with C. granulosus. A more detailed investigation revealed that this specimen should not be considered a syntype and was likely not originally collected off the coast of Portugal. Investigation of long-finned specimens of Centrophorus from the Indo-West Pacific and Eastern Atlantic revealed that two undescribed species exist and are herein formally described as C. lesliei and C. longipinnis. The two species are similar morphologically and belong to the long-snout Centrophorus group (e.g. C. isodon and C. harrissoni) but are clearly separable based on their very long first dorsal fins. The two species differ in relative length of the first dorsal fin and several other characters. They also differ genetically. Nonmetric multidimensional ordination based on morphometric data reveals both species level and ontogenetic differences. A short erratum is also provided for Part 1 of this revision of the Centrophorus due to two figure related errors which may cause some confusion.
References
Barbosa du Bocage, J.V. & de Brito Capello, F. (1864) Sur quelque espèces inédites de Squalidae de la tribu Acanthiana, Gray, qui fréquentent les côtes du Portugal. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864 (2), 260–263.
Barbosa du Bocage, J.V. & de Brito Capello, F. (1866) Peixes Plagiostomos. Primeira Parte Esqualos. Typographia da Academia, Lisboa, 38 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.12553Bass, A.J., D'Aubrey, J.D. &. Kistnasamy, N. (1976) Sharks of the east coast of southern Africa. 6. The families Oxynotidae, Squalidae, Dalatiidae and Echinorhinidae. Investigative Reports of the Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, 45, 1–103.
Bigelow, H.B. & Schroeder, W.C. (1957) A study of the sharks of the suborder Squaloidea. Bulletin of the Museum Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 117 (1), 1–150.
Blache, J., Cadenat, J. & Stauch, A. (1970) Cles de determination des poissons de mer signales dans l'Atlantique oriental. In: Faune Tropicale. Vol. 18. ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 1–479.
Bleeker, P. (1860) Elfde bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae, 8 (Artical 5), 1–14.
Bloch, M.E. & Schneider, J.G. (1801) Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Vol. 2. Berlin, Sandriano Commissum, 584 pp.
Bonnaterre, J.P. (1788) Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. Ichthyologie, Paris, 215 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11660Cadenat, J. (1959) Notes d'ichthyologie ouest-africaine. 22. Centrophorus lusitanicus Bocage et Capello, 1864 (Sélacien, Squalidae), espèce valable différente de C. granulosus. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais D'Afrique Noire, Series A, 21 (2), 743–746.
Cadenat, J. (1960) Notes d'ichthyologie ouest-africaine. 32. Sur un cas d’intersexualité chez un Requin de l’espèce Centrophorus lusitanicus Bocage et Capello 1864. Bulletin de l'Institut Francais D'Afrique Noire, Series A, 22 (4), 1428–1430.
Cadenat J. & Blache, J. (1981) Requins de Méditerranée et d'Atlantique. Faune Tropicale, ORSTOM, 21, 1–330.
Chen, C.-T. & Joung, S.-J. (1993) Chondrichthyes. In: Shen, S.-C., Lee, S.-C., Shao, K.-T., Mok, H.-K., Chen, C.-T. & Chen, C.-H. (Eds.), Fishes of Taiwan. Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, pp. 1–960.
Chen, C.-T. & Cheng, I.-J. (1982) Notes on the sharks of the genus Centrophorus (Family Squaliformes, Squalidae) from Taiwan. Journal of the Taiwan Museum, 25, 143–156.
Chu, Y.T., Meng, C.W. & Liu, J.X. (1981) Description of a new genus and a new species of Squalidae of China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 6, 100–103.
Clarke, K.R. & Gorley, R.N. (2006) PRIMER v6 user manual/tutorial. Primer-E Ltd, Plymouth, 192 pp.
Compagno, L.J.V. (1981) Sharks. In: Fischer, N., Bianchi, G. & Scott, W.B. (Eds.), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic, Fishing Areas 34, 47 (in part). Ottawa Department of Fisheries and Oceans, by arrangement with FAO. Vol 5. FAO, Ottawa, pp. 1–8, plus species sheets. [No numbering provided for species sheets]
Compagno, L.J.V. (1984) FAO species catalogue. Sharks of the World. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, No. 125, V. 4 (part 1), 1–250.
Compagno LJV (1988) Sharks of the order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 486 pp.
Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A. & Smale, M.J. (1989) Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town, 160 pp.
Compagno, L.J.V., Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D. & Alava, M.N.R. (2005) Checklist of Philippine Chondrichthyes. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 243. CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Hobart, 103 pp.
Duffy, C.A.J. (2007) First record of Centrophorus harrissoni from New Zealand, with observations on squamation in Centrophoridae (Squaliformes). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 41, 163–173.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330709509905Ebert, D.A., White, W.T., Ho, H.-C., Last, P.R., Nakaya, K., Séret, B., Straube, N., Naylor, G.J.P. & de Carvalho, M.R. (2013) An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3752 (1), 279–386.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3752.1.17Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Research, 32, 1792–1797.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340Garman, S. (1913) The Plagiostomia (sharks, skates, and rays). Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 36, 1–515.
Günther, A. (1870) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. In: Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Muraenidae, Pegasidae, and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, ...[thru] ... Leptocardii, in collection of the British Museum, 8, pp. 1–549.
Hureau, J.-C. & Monod, T. (1973) Check-list of the Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. Vol. 1. CLOFNAM, Unesco, Paris, 683 pp.
Last, P.R., White, W.T., Pogonoski, J.J., Gledhill, D.C., Yearsley, G.K. & Ward, R.D. (2007) Part 1—Application of a rapid taxonomic approach to the genus Squalus. In: Last, P.R., White, W.T. & Pogonoski, J.J. (Eds.), Descriptions of new dogfishes of the genus Squalus (Squaloidea: Squalidae). CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper, 014, pp. 1–10
Lozano Rey, L. (1928) Fauna lbérica. I. Peces (Generalidades, Ciclostomos y Elasmobranquios). Museum Nacional Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, 692 pp.
Madruga, C. (2013) José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907). A construção de uma persona científica. Dissertação, Mestrado em História e Filosofia das Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 109 pp.
Maurin, C. & Bonnet, M. (1970) Poissons des côtes nord-ouest africaines (Campagnes de la 'Thalassa', 1962 et 1968). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes, 34 (2), 125–170.
Moura, T., Silva, M.C. & Figueiredo, I. (2015) Barcoding deep-water chondrichthyans from mainland Portugal. Marine and Freshwater Research, 66, 508–517.
https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14095Munoz-Chapuli, R. & Ramos, F. (1989) Review of the Centrophorus sharks (Elasmobranchii, Squalidae) of the eastern Atlantic. Cybium, 13 (1), 65–81.
Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K.A.M., White, W.T. & Last, P.R. (2012) A DNA sequence-based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology. Bulletin of the American Natural History Museum, 367, 1–263.
https://doi.org/10.1206/754.1Naylor, G.J.P., Ryburn, J.A., Fedrigo, O. & Lopez, A. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of modern Elasmobranchs. In: Hamlett, W.C. (Ed.), Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Chondrichthyes—Sharks, Batoids and Chimaeras. Science Publisher, Inc., Enfield (NH), pp. 1–25
Nobre, A. (1935) Fauna marinha de Portugal. l. Vertebrados (Mamiferos, Reptis e Peixes). Com-panhia Editora do Minho Barcelos, Porto, 574 pp. [peixes]
QGIS Development Team (2016) QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: http://www.qgis.org/ (accessed 1 July 2017)
Regan C.T. (1908) A synopsis of sharks of the family Squalidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 2 (7), 39–57.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. & Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Vol. 1. 2nd Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1659 pp.
Swofford, D. (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Teng, H.-T. (1958) Studies on the elasmobranch fishes from Formosa. Part 1. Eighteen unrecorded species of sharks from Formosa. Reports of the Laboratory of Fishery Biology, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 3, 1–30.
Teng, H.T. (1959) Studies on the elasmobranch fishes from Formosa. Pt. 6. A new species of deep-sea shark (Centrophorus niaukang) from Formosa. Reports of the Laboratory of Fishery Biology, Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 9, 1–6.
Teng, H.-T. (1962) Classification and distribution of the Chondrichthyes of Taiwan. Ogawa Press, Maizuru, 304 pp.
White, W.T. & Dharmadi (2010) Aspects of maturation and reproduction in hexanchiform and squaliform sharks. Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 1362–1378.
White, W.T., Ebert, D.A., Naylor, G.J.P., Ho, H.-C., Clerkin, P., Verissimo, A. & Cotton, C. (2013) Revision of the genus Centrophorus (Squaliformes, Centrophoridae), Part 1—Redescription of Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider), a senior synonym of C. acus Garman and C. niaukang Teng. Zootaxa, 3752 (1), 35–72.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3752.1.5White, W.T., Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D., Yearsley, G.K., Fahmi & Dharmadi (2006) Economically Important Sharks and Rays of Indonesia. ACIAR Monograph, Series No 124, 1–329.
Yang, H.-C. (1979) The resources investigation for deep sea shark longline fishery in Taiwan. I. Catches species and body length composition. Bulletin of the Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, 31, 205–210.