Abstract
The South American genera Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 and Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998 are among the most species-rich pholcid genera in the Neotropics. Representatives of both genera occupy a wide range of microhabitats from the leaf litter to high among the vegetation, resulting in a morphological and behavioral diversity that complicates not only identification in the field but also the establishment of generic limits. The present paper is primarily an effort to improve the foundation for future work on these genera by describing new species and unknown sexes, by redescribing poorly known species, and by adding distribution data for known species. In order to provide some structure for the 72 species treated herein, the genera are divided into operational species groups, based in part on previous morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, in part on similarity. The following 47 species are newly described. In Mesabolivar: M. acrensis, M. amadoi, M. amanaye, M. amazonicus, M. baianus, M. bico, M. bicuspis, M. borgesi, M. buraquinho, M. camacan, M. catarinensis, M. chapeco, M. claricae, M. constrictus, M. guaycolec, M. inmanis, M. itajai, M. jamari, M. kaingang, M. madalena, M. macushi, M. maraba, M. mimoso, M. murici, M. niteroi, M. pallens, M. saci, M. sepitus, M. serrapelada, M. similis, M. tabatinga, M. tapajos, M. turvo, M. yucuma. In Carapoia: C. agilis, C. bispina, C. djavani, C. exigua, C. kaxinawa, C. maculata, C. munduruku, C. pulchra, C. rubra, C. suassunai, C. tapajos, C. tenuis, C. utinga. Three poorly known species are redescribed in detail: M. spinosus (González-Sponga, 2005), M. anseriformis (González-Sponga, 2011), and M. azureus (Badcock, 1932). The previously unknown females are described for M. anseriformis and M. rudilapsi Machado et al., 2007; the previously unknown male is described for M. argentinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1938). The monotypic genus Teuia Huber, 2000 is newly synonymized with Mesabolivar, resulting in the new combination Mesabolivar beckeri (Huber, 2000). Psilochorus fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1918 and Blechroscelis aurantia Mello-Leitão, 1940 are newly synonymized with Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling, 1891). Three species are formally transferred from Mesabolivar to Carapoia: C. cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947), C. lutea (Keyserling, 1891), and C. levii (Huber, 2000).
References
Astrin, J.J., Huber, B.A., Misof, B. & Klütsch, C.F.C. (2006) Molecular taxonomy in pholcid spiders (Pholcidae, Araneae): evaluation of species identification methods using CO1 and 16S rRNA. Zoologica Scripta, 35, 441–457.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00239.xAstrin, J.J., Misof, B. & Huber, B.A. (2007) The pitfalls of exaggeration: molecular and morphological evidence suggests Kaliana is a synonym of Mesabolivar (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zootaxa, 1646, 17–30.
Badcock, H.D. (1932) Arachnida from the Paraguayan Chaco. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 38, 1–48.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb00987.xBonaldo, A.B., Brescovit, A.D., Höfer, H., Gasnier, T.R. & Lise, A.A. (2009) A araneofauna (Arachnida, Araneae) da Reserva Florestal Ducke, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. In: da Fonseca, C.R.V., Magalhaes, C., Rafael, J.A. & Franklin, E.N. (Eds.), A fauna de Artrópodes da Reserva Florestal Ducke. Editora INPA, Manaus, pp. 201–222.
Bonnet, P. (1958) Bibliographia araneorum. Vol. 2 (4). Frères Douladoure, Toulouse, 1204 pp. [pp. 3027–4230]
Caporiacco, L. di (1947) Diagnosi preliminari di specie nuove di aracnidi della Guiana Britannica. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 56, 20–34.
Caporiacco, L. di (1948) Arachnida of British Guiana collected in 1931 and 1936 by Professors Beccari and Romiti. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London, 118, 607–747.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00402.xCarvalho, L.S. & Avelino, M.T.L. (2010) Composição e diversidade da fauna de aranhas (Arachnida, Araneae) da Fazenda Nazareth, Município de José de Freitas, Piauí, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 10, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032010000300001Carvalho, L.S., Dias, S.C., Candiani, D.F. & Bonaldo, A.B. (2010) On the female of Metagonia taruma (Araneae: Pholcidae), ecology of the pholcid spiders in the Urucu River Basin, Amazonas, Brazil and new records from Brazilian Amazonia. Zoologia (Curitiba), 27, 431–439.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702010000300016Castanheira, P., Pérez-González, A. & Baptista, R.L.C. (2016) Spider diversity (Arachnida: Araneae) in Atlantic Forest areas at Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Biodiversity Data Journal, 4 (e7055), 1–27.
https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7055de Araujo, D., Brescovit, A.D., Rheims, C.A. & Cella, D.M. (2005) Chromosomal data of two pholcids (Araneae, Haplogynae): a new diploid number and the first cytogenetical record for the New World clade. Journal of Arachnology, 33, 591–596.
https://doi.org/10.1636/04-105.1Dimitrov, D., Astrin, J.J. & Huber, B.A. (2013) Pholcid spider molecular systematics revisited, with new insights into the biogeography and the evolution of the group. Cladistics, 29, 132–146.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00419.xEberhard, W.G. & Briceño, R.D. (1983) Chivalry in pholcid spiders. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 13, 189–195.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299922Eberhard, W.G. & Briceño, R.D. (1985) Behavior and ecology of four species of Modisimus and Blechroscelis (Araneae, Pholcidae). Revue arachnologique, 6, 29–36.
González-Sponga, M.A. (1998) Arácnidos de Venezuela. Cuatro nuevos géneros y cuatro nuevas especies de la familia Pholcidae Koch, 1850 (Araneae). Memoria, Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales, La Salle, 57 (148), 17–31.
González-Sponga, M.A. (2005) Arácnidos de Venezuela. Tres nuevos géneros y cuatro nuevas especies de la familia Pholcidae (Araneae). Saber, Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela, 17, 99–109.
González-Sponga, M.A. (2011a) Descripción de seis nuevas especies del género Blechroscelis (Araneae: Pholcidae). Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 28 (2), 23–38.
González-Sponga, M.A. (2011b) Biodiversidad de Venezuela. Aracnidos. Descripción de cinco nuevos géneros y cinco nuevas especies de la familia Pholcidae Koch, 1850. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 28 (2), 39–51.
Huber, B.A. (1997) Redescriptions of Eugène Simon’s neotropical pholcids (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zoosystema, 19, 573–612.
Huber, B.A. (2000) New World pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a revision at generic level. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 254, 1–348.
https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2000)254<0001:NWPSAP>2.0.CO;2Huber, B.A. (2005) Revision and cladistic analysis of the spider genus Carapoia González-Sponga (Araneae: Pholcidae), with descriptions of new species from Brazil’s Atlantic forest. Invertebrate Systematics, 19, 541–556.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS05038Huber, B.A. (2014) Pholcidae. In: Roig-Juñent, S., Claps, L.E. & Morrone, J.J. (Eds.), Biodiversidad de Artrópodos Argentinos. Vol. 3. Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, San Miguel de Tucumán, pp. 131–140.
Huber, B.A. (2015) Small scale endemism in Brazil's Atlantic Forest: 14 new species of Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae), each known from a single locality. Zootaxa, 3942 (1), 1–60.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3942.1.1Huber, B.A. (2016) Spider diversity and endemism in a South American hotspot: 20 new species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa, 4177 (1), 1–69.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4177.1.1Huber, B.A., Carvalho, L.S. & Benjamin, S.P. (2014a) On the New World spiders previously misplaced in Leptopholcus: molecular and morphological analyses and descriptions of four new species (Araneae, Pholcidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 432–450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS13050
Huber, B.A., Colmenares, P.A. & Ramirez, M.J. (2014b) Fourteen new generic and ten new specific synonymies in Pholcidae (Araneae), and transfer of Mystes Bristowe to Filistatidae. Zootaxa, 3847 (3), 413–422.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.5Huber, B.A. & Rheims, C.A. (2011) Diversity and endemism of pholcid spiders in Brazil’s Atlantic Forest, with descriptions of four new species of the Atlantic Forest endemic genus Tupigea (Araneae: Pholcidae). Journal of Natural History, 45, 275–301.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.524319Huber, B.A. & Zhu, M.S. (2001) On Taczanowski’s pholcids, with three new synonymies in Pholcidae (Araneae). Bulletin of the British arachnological Society, 12, 151–152.
ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp.
Keyserling, E. (1891) Die Spinnen Amerikas. Brasilianische Spinnen. Vol. 3. Verlag von Bauer & Raspe, Nürnberg, 278 pp.
Machado, É.O. (2007) Análise cladística do gênero neotropical Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 (Araneae: Pholcidae). Master thesis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 106 pp.
Machado, É.O. (2011) Estratificação de habitat, diversidade e evolução do gênero Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 (Araneae: Pholcidae). PhD thesis, University of São Paulo, 162 pp.
Machado, É.O., Brescovit, A.D. & Francisco, R.C. (2007a) Three new ground dweller Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1560, 55–61.
Machado, É.O., Brescovit, A.D., Candiani, D.F. & Huber, B.A. (2007b) Three new species of Mesabolivar (Aranea, Pholcidae) from leaf litter in urban environments in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Iheringia, 97, 168–176.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000200006Machado, É.O., Laborda, A., Simó, M. & Brescovit, A.D. (2013) Contributions to the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Mesabolivar in southern South America (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zootaxa, 3682 (3), 401–411.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3682.3.1Mello Leitão, C. de (1918) Scytodidas e Pholcidas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista, 10, 83–144.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.17982Mello-Leitão, C. de (1930) Aranhas do Cuminá. Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 32, 51–74, pls. 1–47.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1938) Algunas arañas nuevas de la Argentina. Revista del Museo de La Plata, New Series, Zoology, 1, 89–118.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1939) Algunos arácnidos de Sudamérica. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 43, 169–176.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1940a) Aranhas do Xingu colhidas pelo Dr. Henry Leonardos. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 12, 21–32.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1940b) Spiders of the Guiana forest collected by O. W. Richards. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 2, 175–198.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1940c) Aranhas do Espírito Santo coligidas por Mario Rosa, em 1936 e 1937. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de São Paulo, 2, 199–214.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1941) Las arañas de Córdoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, Tucumán, Salta y Jujuy. Revista del Museo de La Plata, New Series, Zoology, 2, 99–198.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1943) Catálogo das aranhas do Rio Grande do Sul. Arquivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 37, 155.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1946) Notas sobre os Filistatidae e Pholcidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 18, 39–83.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1947a) Some new pholcids of the British Museum. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 19, 159–164.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1947b) Aranhas do Paraná e Santa Catarina, das coleçoes do Museu Paranáense. Arquivos do Museu Paranáense, 6, 231–304.
Mello-Leitão, C. de (1947c) Aranhas de Carmo do Rio Claro (Minas Gerais) coligidas pelo naturalista José C. M. Carvalho. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, New Series, Zoology, 80, 1–34.
Mlíkovský J. (2009) Types of birds in the collections of the Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland. Part 3: South American birds. Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 178, 17–180.
Moenkhaus, W.J. (1898) Contribuiçao para o conhecimento das aranhas de S. Paulo. Revista do Museu Paulista, 3, 77–112.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.12292Nguyen, L.T., Schmidt, H.A., Von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2015) IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32, 268–274.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300Nicolet, A.C. (1849) Fauna Chilena. Aracnidos. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile, Zoologia. Vol. III. Paris and Museo de Historia Natural de Santiago, Chile, pp. 322–541, pls. 1–5.
Ramalho, M.O., Araujo, D., Schneider, M.C., Brescovit, A.D. & Cella, D.M. (2008) Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus 1898) and Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling 1891) (Araneomorphae, Pholcidae): close relationship reinforced by cytogenetic analyses. Journal of Arachnology, 36, 453–456.
https://doi.org/10.1636/CSh07-132.1Roewer, C.F. (1942) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Vol. 1. Bremen, 1040 pp.
Roewer, C.F. (1951) Neue Namen einiger Araneen-Arten. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Bremen, 32, 437–456.
Silva Moreira, T. da, Baptista, R.L.C., Kury, A.B., Giupponi, A.P.L., Buckup, E.H. & Brescovit, A.D. (2010) Annotated check list of Arachnida type specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. II-Araneae. Zootaxa, 2588, 1–91.
Simon, E. (1893) Histoire Naturelle des Araignées. 1 (2). 2nd Edition. Roret, Paris, 233 pp. [pp. 256–488]
Simon, M.F., Grether, R., de Queiroz, L.P., Skema, C., Pennington, R.T. & Hughes, C.E. (2009) Recent assembly of the Cerrado, a neotropical plant diversity hotspot, by in situ evolution of adaptations to fire. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 106, 20359–20364.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903410106Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 30, 1312–1333.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033Taczanowski, L. (1874) Les aranéides de la Guyane française. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 10, 56–115.
World Spider Catalog (2017) World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http://wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed 13 September 2017)