Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4415 No. 3: 1 May 2018
Type: Article
Published: 2018-05-01
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4415.3.3
Page range: 452–472
Abstract views: 175
PDF downloaded: 87

Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, Hants, SO14 3ZH, UK.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA.
Siphonophora Calycophorae Tottonophyes enigmatica description systematics Tottonophyidae Coelenterata

Abstract

A new species of calycophoran siphonophore, Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov, sp. nov., is described. It has a unique combination of traits, some shared with prayomorphs (including two rounded nectophores) and some with clausophyid diphyomorphs (the nectophores are dissimilar, with one slightly larger and slightly to the anterior of the other, and both possess a somatocyst). Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new species is the sister group to all other diphyomorphs. A new family, Tottonophyidae, is established for it. Its phylogenetic position and distinct morphology help clarify diphyomorph evolution. The function and homology of the nectophoral canals and somatocyst is also re-examined and further clarification is given to their nomenclature.

References

  1. Bidigare, R.R. & Biggs, D.C. (1980) The role of sulfate exclusion in buoyancy maintenance by siphonophores and other oceanic gelatinous zooplankton. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 66A, 467–471.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(80)90193-0

    Bigelow, H.B. (1911) The Siphonophorae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 38, 171–402.

    Carré, C. (1979) Sur le genre Sulculeolaria Blainville, 1834 (Siphonophora, Calycophorae, Diphyidae). Annales de l'Institut Océanographique, 55, 27–48.

    Carr, D. (1971) Etude du développement d'Halistemma rubrum (Vogt 1852) Siphonophore Physonecte Agalmidae. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 12, 77–93.

    Chun, C. (1891) Die Canarischen Siphonophoren. I. Stephanophyes superba und die Familie der Stephanophyiden. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Natur-forschenden Gesellschaft, 16, 553–627, 7 pls.

    Claus, C. (1860) Ueber Physophora hydrostatica nebst Bemerkungen über andere Siphonophoren. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 10, 295–332.

    Costello, J.H., Colin, S.P., Gemmell, B.J., Dabiri, J.O. & Sutherland, K.R. (2015) Multi-jet propulsion organized by clonal development in a colonial siphonophore. Nature Communications, 6, 8158.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9158

    Cunningham, C.W. & Buss, L.W. (1993) Molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the Family Hydractiniidae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21, 57–69.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90009-G

    Dunn, C.W., Pugh, P.R. & Haddock, S.H.D. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics of the Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology, 54, 916–935.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500354837

    Gegenbaur, C. (1859) Neue Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der Siphonophoren. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosum, 27, 331–424, 7 pl.

    Grossmann, M.M. & Lindsay, D. (2017) A new species of clausophyid calycophoran siphonophore (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov., widely distributed throughout the world's oceans. Zootaxa, 4250 (1), 43–54.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4250.1.3

    Grossmann, M.M., Lindsay, D.J. & Fuentes, V. (2013) A redescription of the post-larval physonect siphonophore stage known as Mica micula Margulis, 1982, from Antarctica, with notes on its distribution and identity. Marine Ecology, 34 (Supplement 1), 63–70.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12026

    Haddock, S.H.D., Dunn, C.W. & Pugh, P.R. (2005) A re-examination of siphonophore terminology and morphology, applied to the description of two new prayine species with remarkable bio-optical properties. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 695–708.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405011616

    Haeckel, E. (1888) Report on the Siphonophorae collected by HMS Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Report of the Scientific Results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, Zoology, 28, 1–380.

    Höhna, S., Heath, T.A., Boussau, B., Landis, M.J., Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2014) Probabilistic graphical model representation in phylogenetics. Systematic Biology, 63, 753–771.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu039

    Huxley, T.H. (1859) The Oceanic Hydrozoa: a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake 1846–1850. Ray Society, London, 143 pp.

    Keferstein, W. & Ehlers, E. (1860) Auszug aus den Beobachtungen über die Siphonophoren von Neapel und Messina angestellt im Winter 1859/60. Nachrichten von der Georg-Augustus Universität und der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 23, 254–262.

    Keferstein, W. & Ehlers, E. (1861) I. Beobachtungen über die Siphonophoren von Neapel und Messina. Zoologische Beiträge Gesammelt im Winter 1859/60 in Neapel und Messina. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 34 pp.

    Leloup, E. (1965) La phylogenese des siphonophores siphonanthes. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 41 (4), 1–9.

    Leuckart, R. (1853) I. Die Siphonophoren. Zoologische Untersuchungen, 95 pp., 3 pls.

    Leuckart, R. (1854) Zur nähern Kenntnis der Siphonophoren von Nizza. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 20, 249–377.

    Mackie, G.O., Pugh, P.R. & Purcell, J.E. (1987) Siphonophore biology. Advances in Marine Biology, 24, 97–262.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60074-7

    Mapstone, G.M. (2009) Siphonophora (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of Canadian Pacific waters. National Research Council Research Press, Ottawa, 302 pp.

    Medlin L., Elwood, H.J., Stickel, S. & Sogin, M.L. (1988) The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene, 71, 491–499.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(88)90066-2

    Pagès, F. & Pugh, P.R. (2002) Fuseudoxid: the elusive sexual stage of the calycophoran siphonophore Crystallophyes amygdalina Moser, 1925 (Clausophyidae: Crystallophyinae). Acta Zoologica, 83, 329–336.
    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6395.2002.00124.x

    Pugh, P.R. (1992) A revision of the sub-family Nectopyramidinae (Siphonophora, Prayidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 335, 281–322.
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1992.0023

    Pugh, P.R. (1999a) Siphonophorae. In: Boltovskoy, D, (Ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 467–511.

    Pugh, P.R. (1999b) A review of the genus Bargmannia Totton, 1954 (Siphonophorae, Physonecta, Pyrostephidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London, Zoology Series, 65, 51–72.

    Pugh, P.R. (2006a) The taxonomic status of the genus Moseria (Siphonophora, Physonectae). Zootaxa, 1343, 1–42.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200004001483

    Pugh, P.R. (2006b) Reclassification of the clausophyid siphonophore Clausophyes ovata into the genus Kephyes gen. nov. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 86, 997–1004.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200004001483

    Pugh, P.R. (2016) A revision of the Family Cordagalmatidae fam. nov. (Cnidaria, Siphonophora, Physonectae). Zootaxa, 4095 (1), 1–64.
    http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4095.1.1

    Pugh, P.R. & Baxter, E.J. (2014) A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae). Zootaxa, 3897, 1–111.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3897.1.1

    Pugh, P.R. & Harbison, G.R. (1987) Three new species of prayine siphonophore (Calycophorae, Prayidae) collected by a submersible, with notes on related species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41, 68–91.

    Pugh, P.R. & Pagès, F. (1995) Is Lensia reticulata a diphyine species (Siphonophora, Calycophora, Diphyidae)? A re-description. Scientia Marina, 59, 181–192.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.01.012

    Schneider, K.C. (1896) Mittheilungen über Siphonophoren. II. Grundriss der organisation der Siphonophoren. (Jena) Zoologischen Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 9, 571–664.

    Schroth, W., Jarms, G., Streit, B. & Schierwater, B. (2002) Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly, Aurelia sp. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2, 1.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-2-1

    Smith, S.A. & Dunn, C.W. (2008) Phyutility: a phyloinformatics tool for trees, alignments, and molecular data. Bioinformatics, 24, 715–716.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm619

    Totton, A.K. (1954) Siphonophora of the Indian Ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans. Discovery Reports, 27, 1–162.

    Totton, A.K. (1960) Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports, 30, 301–368.

    Totton, A.K. (1965) A Synopsis of the Siphonophora. British Museum (Natural History), London, 230 pp., 20 pls.