Abstract
Past taxonomic studies of Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea Calcarea have been few and sporadic (e.g. Schuffner 1877, Jenkin 1908, Row 1909, Dendy 1913, 1916, Voigt et al. 2017, 2018). Nevertheless, approximately 70 species are known from these studies for the considered region, but the descriptions of the older records often lack sufficient details for reliable identification. We studied the Western Indian Ocean Calcarea collection kept in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Available specimens numbered 145, collected in the Red Sea, Seychelles, Maldives, Mayotte and Rodrigues, in addition to incidental samples from Oman, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Mozambique Channel, and Eastern South Africa. Using a combination of techniques (in situ and ‘on deck’ photography, detailed field notes, light microscopic studies and measurements, SEM microscopy, and selected DNA sequencing) we identified 45 species, divided over the two main classes Calcinea (24 spp.) and Calcaronea (21 spp.). Not all species could be definitely assigned to an already described or a new species, as seven remained qualified as ‘spec.’ or ‘aff.’ for reasons of insufficient material or lack of details of in situ habitus. Sixteen species appeared to be new to science: Borojevia voigti sp.nov., Borojevia tubulata sp.nov., Borojevia pirella sp.nov., Clathrina rodriguesensis sp.nov., Clathrina maremeccae sp.nov., Clathrina repens sp.nov., Leucascus schleyeri sp.nov., Leucetta sulcata sp.nov., Ute insulagemmae sp.nov., Leucandra pilula sp.nov., Leucandra mozambiquensis sp.nov., Grantessa woerheidei sp.nov., Sycettusa hirsutissima sp.nov., Vosmaeropsis glebula sp.nov., Paraleucilla erpenbecki sp.nov., and Kebira tetractinifera sp.nov. For a selection of the identified species from the Western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea (30 spp.), as well as from Indonesian material (22 spp.) published previously (see Van Soest & De Voogd 2015) we obtained sequences of the partial 28S gene of nuclear rDNA (C2–D2 region, cf. Voigt & Wörheide 2016). The sequences of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea species were used to assign these to genera and families based on a phylogenetic analysis using MEGA pack vs. 06.6 for Mac of the available dataset. The Indonesian sequences supplemented by partial 28S sequences taken from the Sponge Barcode Project website and the NCBI website were included in the phylogenetic analysis to confirm the assignments. The results were compared and discussed with additional information on regional Calcarea not represented in our material. The latter chapter yielded the discovery of a preoccupied name leading to Sycon oscari nom.nov. for a species described from Mauritius.
References
Azevedo, F., Hajdu, E., Willenz, P. & Klautau, M. (2009) New records of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) from the Chilean coast. Zootaxa, 2072, 1–30.
Azevedo, F., Padua, A., Moraes, F., Rossi, A., Muricy, G. & Klautau, M. (2017) Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands. Zootaxa, 4311 (3), 301–344.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4311.3.1Barnes, D.K.A. & Bell, J.J. (2002) Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean: taxonomic affinities, richness and diversity. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 337–349.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00387.xBidder, G.P. (1898) The Skeleton and Classification of Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 64, 61–76. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18431462#page/75/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Blainville, H.M.D. De (1834) Manuel d’Actinologie ou de Zoophytologie. Vol. 1 & 2. F.G. Levrault, Paris, Strasbourg, viii + 644 pp. & C pls.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8768Borojević, R. (1967) Spongiaires d’Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183–226.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00359196709519066Borojević, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. (1986) Une nouvelle voie d’évolution chez les éponges Calcinea: description des genres Burtonulla n. g. et Levinella n. g. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Series 4A, 8 (3), 443–455.
Borojević, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. (1987a) Calcareous sponges collected by N.O. ‘Thalassa’ on the continental margin of the Bay of Biscaye: I. Calcinea. In: Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (Eds.), Taxonomy of Porifera from the N.E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. NATO ASI Series G 13. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1–27. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-70892-3_1 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Borojević, R. & Boury-Esnault, N. (1987b) Revision of the genus Leucilla Haeckel, 1872, with a re-description of the type species Leucilla amphora Haeckel, 1872. In: Jones, W.C. (Ed.), European Contributions to the Taxonomy of Sponges. Sherkin Island Marine Station, Sherkin Island, County Cork, pp. 29–40.
Borojević, R. & Klautau, M. (2000) Calcareous sponges from New Caledonia. Zoosystema, 22 (2), 187–201.
Available from: http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/zoosystema/22/2/eponges-calcaires-de-nouvelle-caledonie (accessed 21 January 2018)Borojević, R. & Peixinho, S. (1976) Éponges calcaires du Nord-Nord-Est du Brésil. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Series 3A, 402, 987–1036.
Borojević, R., Boury-Esnault, N. & Vacelet, J. (2000) A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Zoosystema, 22 (2), 203–263. Available from: http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/zoosystema/22/2/revision-de-la-classification-supraspecifique-de-la-sous-classe-calcaronea-porifera-classe-calcarea (accessed 21 January 2018)
Borojević, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002a) Order Clathrinida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 1141–1152. Available from: http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Borojević, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002b) Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1157–1184. Available from: http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Borojević, R., Boury-Esnault, N., Manuel, M. & Vacelet, J. (2002c) Order Baerida Borojević, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 2000. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. 2. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 1193–1200. Available from: http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Bowerbank, J.S. (1864) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 1. Ray Society, London, xx + 290 pp. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18117#page/7/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Bowerbank, J.S. (1866) A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, xx + 388 pp. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18176#page/7/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Bowerbank, J.S. (1873) Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part IV. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1873, 3–25. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/90422#page/7/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Breitfuss, L.L. (1896) Amphoriscus semoni, eine neue Art heterocoeler Kalkschwämme. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 19, 435–436. Available from: https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/ZoologischerAnzeiger_19_0435-0436.pdf (accessed 21 January 2018)
Brøndsted, H.V. (1931) Die Kalkschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 1901–1903, 20, 1–47.
Burton, M. (1930) The Porifera of the Siboga Expedition. III. Calcarea. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga-Expeditie. Uitkomsten op zoölogisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-lndië 1899-1900 aan boord H.M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee 1e kl. G. F. Tydeman. III (Monographie VIa2). E.J. Brill, Leiden, 18 pp.
Burton, M. (1933) Report on a small collection of sponges from Stil Bay, S. Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 11, 235–244.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933308673651Burton, M. (1952) The ‘Manihine’ expedition to the Gulf of Aqaba 1948–1949. Sponges. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 1 (8), 163–174. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19429#page/5/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Burton, M. (1959) Sponges. Scientific Reports. John Murray Expedition 1933–34. British Museum (Natural History), London, 10 (5), 151–281. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/195785#page/189/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Burton, M. (1963) Revision of the classification of the calcareous sponges. British Museum (Natural History), London, 693 pp.
Carter, H.J. (1871) A description of two new Calcispongiae, to which is added confirmation of Prof. James Clark’s discovery of the true form of the sponge-cell (animal), and an account of the polype-like pore area of Cliona corallinoides contrasted with Prof. E. Häckel’s view on the relationship of the sponges to the corals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 8 (43), 1–27. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63424#page/15/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Carter, H.J. (1878) On Teichonia, a new family of calcareous sponges with description of two species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 2 (7), 35–40. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/81237#page/49/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Carter, H.J. (1886) Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australia, continued. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 34–55, 126–149. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53334#page/48/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Cavalcanti, F.F., Rapp, H.T. & Klautau, M. (2013) Taxonomic revision of Leucascus Dendy, 1892 (Porifera: Calcarea) with revalidation of Ascoleucetta Dendy & Frederick, 1924 and description of three new species. Zootaxa, 3619 (3), 275–314.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.3Cavalcanti, F., Menegola, C. & Lanna, E. (2014) Three new species of the genus Paraleucilla Dendy, 1892 (Porifera, Calcarea) from the coast of Bahia State, Northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3764 (5), 537–554. Available from: http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2014/f/z03764p554f.pdf (accessed 21 January 2018)
Cavalcanti, F.F., Bastos, N. & Lana, E. (2015) Two new species of the genus Vosmaeropsis Dendy, 1893 (Porifera, Calcarea), with comments on the distribution of V. sericata (Ridley, 1881) along the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3956 (4), 476–490.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3764.5.3Chagas, C. & Cavalcanti, F. (2017) Taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) sampled on artificial substrates of a recreational marina in the Tropical Northeastern Brazilian coast. Zootaxa, 4363 (2), 203–224.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.2Condór-Luján, B. & Klautau, M. (2016) Nicola gen.nov. with redescription of Nicola tetela (Borojević & Peixinho, 1976) (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea: Clathrinida). Zootaxa, 4103 (3), 230–238.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4103.3.2De Laubenfels, M.W. (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 467 (Tortugas Laboratory Paper 30), 1–225. Available from: https://books.google.nl/books/about/A_discussion_of_the_sponge_fauna_of_the.html?id=g11VAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y (accessed 21 January 2018)
De Laubenfels, M.W. (1954) The Sponges of the West-Central Pacific. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Zoology, 7, i–x, 1–306. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28986#page/3/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dendy, A. (1891) A monograph of the Victorian sponges, I. The organisation and classification of the Calcarea Homocoela, with descriptions of the Victorian Species. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, 3, 1–81. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112423#page/5/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dendy, A. (1892) Synopsis of the Australian Calcarea Heterocoela; with a proposed classification of the group and descriptions of some new genera and species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, New Series 5, 69–116. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34434#page/111/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dendy, A. (1893) Studies on the Comparative Anatomy of Sponges. V. Observations on the Structure and Classification of the Calcarea Heterocoela. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 35, 159–257. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49114#page/169/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dendy, A. (1905) Report on the sponges collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W.A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar 3. Supplement 18. Royal Society, London, pp. 57–246. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18069#page/71/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dendy, A. (1913) The Percy Sladen Trust expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 (V). I. Report on the Calcareous Sponges collected by HMS ‘Sealark’ in the Indian Ocean. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 16 (1), 1–29.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1914.tb00121.xDendy, A. (1916) Report on the Calcareous Sponges collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905–6. Report to the Government of Baroda on the Marine Zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar, 2, 79–91.
Dendy, A. & Frederick, L.M. (1924) On a Collection of Sponges from the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 35, 477–519. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1924.tb00052.x/full (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. (1913) The classification and phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, with a reference list of all the described species, systematically arranged. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1913 (3), 704–813. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1913.tb06152.x/full (accessed 21 January 2018)
Dohrmann, M., Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D. & Wörheide, G. (2006) Non-monophyly of most supraspecific taxa of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) revealed by increased taxon sampling and partitioned Bayesian analysis of ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 830–843. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790306001552 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Ellis, J. & Solander, D. (1786) The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4. Benjamin White & Son, London. 206 pp. Available from: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131537#page/11/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Fabricius, O. (1780) Fauna Groenlandica: systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata, quod nomen specificium. Hafniae et Lipsiae, Copenhagen, xvi + 452 pp. Available from: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/48073#page/7/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp. Available from: https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish00flem (accessed 21 January 2018)
Grant, R.E. (1836) Animal Kingdom. In: Todd, R.B. (Ed.), The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology. Vol. 1. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, London, pp. 107–118.
Gray, J.E. (1867) Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492–558. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93424#page/514/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Haeckel, E. (1870) Prodromus eines Systems der Kalkschwämme. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft, 5, 236–254. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104336#page/246/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Haeckel, E. (1870) Prodromus of a system of the Calcareous sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 5, 176–191. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/55190#page/190/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Haeckel, E. (1872) Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Vol. 1–3. G. Reimer, Berlin, 484 pp., 418 pp. & 60 pls. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44605#page/5/mode/1up (accessed 13 March 2018)
Hartman, W.D. (1958) Re-examination of Bidder's classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Zoology, 7 (3), 55–110. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2411971 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.) (2000) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, Volume 1, pp. i–xix, 1–1101, Volume 2, pp. 1103–1706. Available from: http://www.springer.com/us/book/9780306472602 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Hôzawa, S. (1940) Reports on the calcareous sponges obtained by the Zoological Institute and Museum of Hamburg. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University, 15, 131–163.
Ilan, M. &Vacelet, J. (1993) Kebira uteoides (Porifera, Calcarea) a recent ‘Pharetronid’ sponge from coral reefs. Ophelia, 38 (2), 107–116.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1993.10429892Jenkin, C.F. (1908) The marine fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., in the years 1901 & 1902. The Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 434–456. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99643#page/46/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Kirkpatrick, R. (1900) Description of sponges from Funafuti. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 6 (34), 345–362. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53364#page/363/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Klautau, M. & Borojević, R. (2001) Calcareous sponges from Arraial do Cabo-Brazil, 1: the genus Clathrina. Zoosystema, 23, 395–410. Available from: http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/zoosystema/23/3/eponges-du-genre-clathrina-gray-1867-d-arraial-do-cabo-bresil (accessed 21 January 2018)
Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2003). Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 139 (1), 1–62.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.xKlautau, M., Monteiro, L. & Borojević, R. (2004) First occurrence of the genus Paraleucilla (Calcarea, Porifera) in the Atlantic Ocean: P. magna sp.nov. Zootaxa, 710, 1–8. Available from: http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00710f.pdf (accessed 21 Januray 2018)
Klautau, M., Solé-Cava, A.M. & Borojević, R. (1994) Biochemical systematics of sibling sympatric species of Clathrina (Porifera: Calcarea). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 22 (4), 367–375. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0305197894900272 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Cóndor-Luján, B., Rapp, H.T., Collins, A. & Russo, C.A.M. (2013) A molecular phylogeny for the order Clathrinida rekindles and refines Haeckel's taxonomic proposal for calcareous sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447–461.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict039Klautau, M., Imešek, M., Azevedo, F., Pleše, B., Nikolić, V. & Ćetković, H. (2016) Adriatic calcarean sponges (Porifera, Calcarea), with the description of six new species and a richness analysis. European Journal of Taxonomy, 178, 1–52.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.178Lanna, E. & Klautau, M. (2010) Life cycle and the reproductive dynamics of Sycettusa hastifera (Calcarea: Calcaronea: Heteropiidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic. In: Uriz, M.-J., Maldonado, M., Becerro, M. & Turon, X. (Eds.) Book of Abstracts, Ancient animals New challenges, VIII World Sponge Conference Girona 20–24 September 2010, p. 241.
Lehnert, H. & Stone, R.P. (2017) Description of a new species of Trichogypsiidae (Porifera, Calcarea) and first record of the genus in the Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 4312 (2), 394–400.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.2.13Leocorny, P., Alencar, A., Fromont, J. & Klautau, M. (2016) New Leucettidae de Laubenfels, 1936 (Porifera, Calcarea) from Western Australia. Zootaxa, 4175 (4), 319–334.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4175.4.2Lévi, C. (1965) Spongiaires récoltés par l’expédition israélienne dans le sud de la Mer Rouge en 1962. In: Israel South Red Sea Expedition, 1962, Report 13. Bulletin Sea Fisheries Research Station, Israel, 39, 3–27.
Miklucho-Maclay, N. (1868) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Spongien I. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaft, 4, 221–240.
Minchin, E.A. (1900) Chapter III. Sponges. In: Lankester, E.R. (Ed.), A Treatise on Zoology. Part II. The Porifera and Coelenterata. 2. Adam & Charles Black, London, 178 pp.
Minchin, E.A. (1905) On the sponge Leucosolenia contorta Bowerbank, Ascandra contorta Haeckel, and Ascetta spinosa Lendenfeld. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1905, 3–20. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/99487#page/53/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Montagu, G. (1814) An Essay on Sponges, with Descriptions of all the Species that have been discovered on the Coast of Great Britain. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, 2 (1), 67–122. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/165543#page/101/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Poléjaeff, N. (1883) Report on the Calcarea dredged by H.M.S.‘Challenger’, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’, 1873–1876, Zoology, 8 (2), 1–76.
Rapp, H.T., Klautau, M. & Valentine, C. (2001) Two new species of Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea) from the Norwegian coast. Sarsia, 86, 69–74. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00364827.2001.10420462 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Ridley, S.O. (1884) Spongiida. In: Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Alert’, 1881–2. British Museum (Natural History), London), pp. 366–482, 582–630. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44056#page/398/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Risso, A. (1827) Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe Méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Vol. 5 [imprint 1826]. F.-G. Levrault, Paris, vii + 403 pp. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/203971#page/11/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Row, R.W.H. (1909) Reports on the marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII. Report on the Sponges, collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland in 1904–5. Part I. Calcarea. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 31 (206), 182–214. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/31/206/182/2682838 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Row, R.W.H. & Hôzawa, S. (1931) Report on the Calcarea obtained by the Hamburg South-West Australian Expedition of 1905. Science Reports of the Tôhoku University, Series 4, 6 (1), 727–809.
Rudi, A., Schleyer, M. & Kashman, Y. (2000) Clathculins A and B, two novel nitrogen-containing metabolites from the sponge Clathrina aff. reticulum. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 1434–1436. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/np000149o (accessed 21 January 2018)
Schmidt, O. (1862) Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. VIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp.
Schmidt, O. (1869) Vorläufige Mittheilungen über die Spongien der Grönlandischen Küste. Mittheilungen Steiermärkische Gew. Verein, 2 (1), 89–97.
Schuffner, O. (1877) Beschreibung einiger neuer Kalkschwämme. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, 11, 403–433. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/92049#page/413/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Solé-Cava, A.M., Klautau, M., Boury-Esnault, N., Borojević, R. & Thorpe, J.P. (1991) Genetic evidence for cryptic speciation in allopatric populations of two cosmopolitan species of the calcareous sponge genus Clathrina. Marine Biology, 111 (3), 381–386. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01319410 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Sollas, W.J. (1885) A Classification of the Sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 16 (95), 395. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94955#page/425/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Tanita, S. (1939) Two new Calcarea from Saseho, Japan. Science Reports of the Tôhoku Imperial University, Series 4, 14, 319–326.
Thacker, R.W., Hill, A.L., Hill, M.S., Redmond, N.E., Collins, A.G., Morrow, C.C., Spicer, L., Carmack, C.A., Zappe, M.E., Pohlmann, D., Hall, C., Diaz, M.C. & Bangalore, P.V. (2013) Nearly complete 28S rRNA gene sequences confirm new hypotheses of sponge evolution. Integrative & Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 373–387.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict071Urban, F. (1908) Die Kalkschwämme der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 33, 247–252. Available from: https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/ZoologischerAnzeiger_33_0247-0252.pdf (accessed 21 January 2018)
Vacelet, J. (1967a) Quelques éponges Pharétronides et ‘Silico-calcaires’ de grottes sous-marines obscures. Recueil des Travaux de la Station marine d’Endoume, 42 (58), 121–132.
Vacelet, J. (1967b) Description d’éponges Pharétronides actuelles des tunnels obscurs sous-récifaux de Tuléar (Madagascar). Recueil desTravaux de la Station marine d’Endoume, Fascicule hors serie supplement no. 6, 37–62.
Vacelet, J. (1977) Éponges pharétronides actuelles et sclérosponges de Polynésie française, de Madagascar et de la Réunion. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Series 3 (Zoologie), 444 (307), 345–368.
Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1965). Spongiaires des grottes et surplombs des récifs de Tuléar (Madagascar). Recueil des Travaux de la Station marine d’Endoume, 2–4, 71–123.
Vacelet, J. & Vasseur, P. (1971) Éponges des récifs coralliens de Tuléar (Madagascar). Téthys Supplément, 1, 51–126.
Vacelet, J., Vasseur, P. & Lévi, C. (1976) Spongiaires de la pente externe des récifs coralliens de Tuléar (Sud-Ouest de Madagascar). Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Series A (Zoologie), 49, 1–116. Available from: http://bibliotheques.mnhn.fr/EXPLOITATION/infodoc/ged/viewportalpublished.ashx?eid=IFD_FICJOINT_MEAZO_S00A_19 76_T099_N001_1 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Valderrama, D., Rossi, A.L., Solé-Cava, A.M., Rapp, H.T. & Klautau, M. (2009) Revalidation of Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872) (Porifera, Calcarea): a widespread species in the tropical western Atlantic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00522.xvan Soest, R.W.M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1–225.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4217.1.1van Soest, R.W.M., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Erpenbeck, D., De Voogd, N.J., Santodomingo, N., vanhoorne, B., Kelly, M. & Hooper, J.N.A. (2012) Global Diversity of Sponges (Porifera). PLoSONE, 7 (4), e35105. 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035105van Soest, R.W.M., Cleary, D.F.R., De Kluijver, M.J., Lavaleye, M.S.S., Maier, C. & van Duyl, F.C. (2007) Sponge diversity and community composition in Irish bathyal coral reefs. Contributions to Zoology, 76 (2), 121–142. Available from: http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/49657 (accessed 21 January 2018)
van Soest, R.W.M. & De Voogd, N.J. (2015) Calcareous sponges of Indonesia. Zootaxa, 3951 (1), 1–105.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3951.1.1van Soest, R.W.M., Kaiser, K. & van Syoc, R. (2011) Sponges from Clipperton Island, East Pacific. Zootaxa, 2839, 1–46. Available from: http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z02839p046f.pdf (accessed 15 May 2018)
van Soest, R.W.M., Hoeksema, B.W., Reimer, J.D. & De Voogd, N.J. (2015) New records of the rare calcareous sponge Paragrantia waguensis Hôzawa, 1940. ZooKeys, 546, 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.546.6122van Soest, R.W.M., Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K., de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K.R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Díaz, M.C., Cárdenas, P., Carballo, J.L., Ríos, P. & Downey, R. (2018) World Porifera database. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera (accessed 21 January 2018)
Voigt, O. & Wörheide, G. (2015) A short LSU rRNA fragment as a standard marker for integrative taxonomy in calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 16 (1), 53–64. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13127-015-0247-1 (accessed 21 January 2018)
Voigt, O., Wülfing, E. & Wörheide, G. (2012) Molecular phylogenetic evaluation of classification and scenarios of character evolution in calcareous sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLOS One, 7 (3), e33417.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033417Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D., González-Pech, R.A., Al-Aidaroos, A.M., Berumen, M.L. & Wörheide, G. (2017) Calcinea of the Red Sea: providing a DNA barcode inventory with description of four new species. Marine Biodiversity, 47 (4), 1009–1034.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0671-xVoigt, O., Ruthensteiner, B., Leiva, L., Fradusco, B. & Wörheide, G. (2018) A new species of the calcareous sponge genus Leuclathrina (Calcarea: Calcinea: Clathrinida) from the Maldives. Zootaxa, 4382 (1), 151–158.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4382.1.5Von Lendenfeld, R. (1885) A Monograph of the Australian Sponges (Continued). Part III. Preliminary description and classification of the Australian Calcispongiae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 9, 1083–1150. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/30487#page/1173/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Von Lendenfeld, R. (1891) Die Spongien der Adria, I. Die Kalkschwämme. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 53 (2), 185–321, (3), 361–463. Available from: http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Zeitschrift-fuer-wiss-Zoologie_53_0185-0321.pdf (accessed 21 January 2018)
Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. (1999) Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 43 (2), 859–891. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124162#page/409/mode/1up (accessed 21 January 2018)
Wörheide, G. & Hooper, J.N.A. (2003) New species of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea) from cryptic habitats of the southern Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island and Wistari Reef, Capricorn-Bunker Group, Australia). Journal of Natural History, 37, 1–47.
https://doi.org/10.1080/713834391