Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4457 No. 1: 7 Aug. 2018
Type: Article
Published: 2018-08-07
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.1.2
Page range: 39–69
Abstract views: 260
PDF downloaded: 4

The Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) fauna of the woody savannah belt in Mali, West Africa

Botanical garden of Academy of biology and biocenology, Southern Federal University, Russia.
Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
Zoologische Staatssammlung Munich, Germany.
Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali. Museum Witt, Tengstr. 33, D-80796 Munich, Germany.
Museum Witt, Tengstr. 33, D-80796 Munich, Germany.
Eversbuschsstr. 83b Munich 80999, Germany.
Northwestern Scientific, Thunder Bay Ontario Canada.
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
Malaria Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Kuvin Centre for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
Afrotropics biogeography Crambidae distribution faunistics host plants pest species Pyralidae Lepidoptera

Abstract

Seventy-nine taxa of Pyraloidea were collected in 2014 with light traps in the woody savannah zone south of Bamako, Mali. Three taxa out of 79 were identified to genus level only. 78 of the 79 species are new records for Mali, 17 are new for West Africa. Most species (54) belong to the subfamily Spilomelinae (family Crambidae). The majority of observed species have wide distribution areas. The only regional endemic is Hypsopygia bamakoensis (Leraut, 2006). Concerning the biogeographical categories most of the species (34) are Afrotropical, seven species cosmopolitan, and the remaining species occur in the Palaearctics with a preference to the Palaeotropics. The most common species, Patania balteata (Fabricius, 1798) comprised 40.0% of all specimens collected. It is known to be a pest of the mango tree, which is common in the light-trapping area.

References

  1. Agassiz, D. (2012) The Acentropinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) of Africa. Zootaxa, 3494, 1–73.

    Alphéraki, S. (1889) Sur quelques Lépidoptères de la Russie méridionale. In: Romanoff, N.M. (Ed.), Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères. Vol. 5. St. Petersbourgh. pp. 233–239.

    Amsel, H.G. (1954) Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt'schen Iran-Ausbeute. 4. Arkiv för Zoologi, New Series, 6 (16), 255–326.

    Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A. & Lyal, C. (2018) The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). Available from: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/lepindex/ (accessed 31 May 2018)

    Bleszynski, S. (1964) Revision of the world species of the family Crambidae (Lepidoptera). Part 2. Genera: Pseudocatharylla Blesz., Classeya Blesz., Pseudoclasseya Blesz. and Argentochiloides Blesz. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 9 (11), 683–760.

    Boisduval, J.B.A.D. (1833a) Considérations générales. Lépidoptères de Madagascar. Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2, 149–270.

    Boisduval, J.B.A.D. (1833b) Faune entomologique de Madagascar, Bourbon et Maurice. Lépidoptères, 1833, 1–122.

    Butler, A.G. (1875) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Central America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 4 (15), 338–342.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937508681093

    Butler, A.G. (1879) On heterocerous Lepidoptera collected in the Hawaiian Islands by the Rev. T. Blackburn. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 15, 269–273.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22019

    Butler, A.G. (1881) On a second collection of Lepidoptera made in Formosa by H.E. Hobson, Esq. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1880, 666–691.

    Caradja, A. (1925) Ueber Chinas Pyraliden, Tortriciden, Tineiden nebst kurze Betrachtungen, zu denen das Studium dieser Fauna Veranlassung gibt (Eine biogeographische Skizze). Memoriile Sectiunii Stiintifice. Academia Romana, 3 (7), 257–383.

    Caradja, A. (1929) Antigastra catalaunalis Dup. nov. ab. sionensis. Bulletin de la Section Scientifique de l´Académie Roumaine, 12 (6), 2.

    Chen, T.-M., Song, S.-M., Yuan, D.-C. & Zhang, G.-X. (2002) A taxonomic study on the Chinese species of the genus Classeya Bleszynski (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 27 (3), 572–575.

    Choi, Y.S., Park, D.K., Yun, Y.U., Hwang, I.S., Shin S.M. & Choe K.R. (2008) Economic Injury Levels and Control Thresholds of Pyrausta panopealis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Perilla under Green-house. Korean Journal Applied Entomology, 47 (2), 149–154.
    https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2008.47.2.149

    Cramer, P. (1777) De uitlandsche kapellen, voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America [Papillons exotiques, des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique]. Vol. 2. S. J. Baalde & B. Wild, Amsterdam and Utrecht, 151 pp.

    Cramer, P. & Stoll, C. (1782) De uitlandsche kapellen, voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America [Papillons exotiques, des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique]. Vol. 4. S. J. Baalde & B. Wild, Amsterdam and Utrecht, 400 pp.

    Curtis, J. (1834) British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. British Entomology, 6 (2), 121–132.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8148

    De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. (2018) Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera). Available from: http://www.afromoths.net/ (accessed 10 May 2018)

    Dewitz, H. (1881) Afrikanische Nachtschmetterlinge. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, 42 (2), 63–89.

    Distant, W.L. (1892) A naturalist in the Transvaal. R.H. Porter, London, XVI + 277 pp.

    Dognin, P. (1904) Hétérocères nouveaux de l'Amérique du Sud. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 48, 115–134 + 358–369.

    Drury, D. (1773) Illustrations of Natural History. Vol. 2. B. White, London, 286 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.61910

    Duponchel, P.A.J. (1834) Nocturnes, 5 (2). Histoire naturelle des Lépidoptères ou Papillons de France, 8 (2), 5–402.

    Fabricius, J.C. (1775) Systema entomologicae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. Kortii, Flensburgi & Lipsiae, XXX + 832 pp.

    Fabricius, J.C. (1781) Species insectorum exhibentes eorum differentias specificas, synonyma auctorum, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibus, descriptionibus. Carol. Ernest. Bohnii, Hamburgi et Kilonii, 517 pp.

    Fabricius, J.C. (1787) Mantissa Insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibus, descriptionibus, emendationibus. Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, 382 pp.

    Fabricius, J.C. (1794) Entomologica systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. C.G. Proft & C.F. Mohr, Hafniae et Kiliae, 349 pp.

    Fabricius, J.C. (1798) Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae. Proft et Storch, Hafniae, IV + 572 pp.

    Felder, C., Felder, R. & Rogenhofer, A.F. (1875) Heterocera. In: Felder, C., Felder R. & Rogenhofer A.F. (Eds.), Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. 2 (2): Lepidoptera, 5 (Schluss). Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien, pp. 1–20.

    Fischer von Röslerstamm, J.E. (1840) Abbildungen zur Berichtigung und Ergänzung der Schmetterlingskunde, besonders der Microlepidopterologie als Supplement zu Treitschke`s und Hübner`s europaeischen Schmetterlingen, mit erläuterndem Text. Hinrichs, Leipzig, 304 pp.

    Gaede, M. (1917) Neue Lepidopteren des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. I. Aethiopische Pyralididen. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 8 (3), 387–401.

    Ghesquière, J. (1942) Catalogues raisonnés de la Faune Entomologique du Congo Belge. Lépidoptères, Microlépidoptères (deuxième partie). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Série C (Zoologie), 3 (2) & 7 (2), 121–240.

    Ghoneim, K. (2015) The olive leaf moth Palpita unionalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as a serious pest in the world: a review. International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology (IJRSZ), 1 (2), 1–20.

    Goff, R. (2018) African Moths. Available from: http://www.africanmoths.com (accessed 10 May 2018)

    Guenée, M.A. (1854) Deltoïdes et Pyralites. In: Boisduval, J.B.A.D. & Guenée, M.A., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptères. 8 (8). Roret, Paris, pp. 1–448.

    Guenée, M.A. (1862) Lépidoptères. In: Maillard, L. Notes sur l'île de la Réunion (Bourbon), 2 (G). Dentu, Paris, pp. 1–72.

    Guérin-Méneville, F.-E. (1832) Insectes. In: Cuvier G. Iconographie. Régne animal, Paris, 90 pp.

    Guillermet, C. (2008) Contribution à l'étude des Hétérocères de l'île de La Réunion: révision des genres Herpetogramma Lederer, 1863 et Syllepte Hübner, 1823 et description de six nouveaux taxons de Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera Crambidae). L'Entomologiste, 64 (3), 179–188.

    Hampson, G.F. (1896) Moths. In: The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. 4 (1–28). Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 1–595.

    Hampson, G.F. (1899) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Pyraustinae and family Pyralidae. Part I. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1898 (4), 590–761.

    Hampson, G.F. (1908) On the moths collected during the cruise of the 'Valhalla' during the Winter 1905–6 by Mr. E.G.B. Meade-Waldo. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 8 (1), 474–492.

    Hampson, G.F. (1912) Descriptions of new species of Pyralidae of the subfamily Pyraustinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 8 (9), 149–174 + 242–269 + 321–336 + 433–444 + 625–633.

    Hampson, G.F. (1917) Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamily Pyraustinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 8 (20), 369–384.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931709487025

    Hampson, G.F. (1918) Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamily Pyraustinae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 9 (1), 125–136 + 252–262 + 265–280.

    Hampson, G.F. (1919) Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamilies Crambinae and Siginae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 9 (4), 53–68 + 137–154 + 305–326.

    Heeger E. (1838) Beiträge zur Schmetterlingskunde oder Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer sicilianischen Schmetterlinge. J.P. Sollinger, Wien, 7 pp.

    Heinrichs, E.A. & Barrion, A.T. (2004) Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa. Biology, ecology, identification. The International Rice Research Institute, Manila, 242 pp.

    Heppner, J.B. (2003) Lepidoptera of Florida. Part 1. Introduction and catalog. Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas, 17, 1–670.

    Hering, E. (1903) Neue Pyraliden aus dem tropischen Faunengebiet. Entomologische Zeitung, 64, 97–112.

    Hübner, J. (1796) Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. 6. Horde. Die Zünsler; nach der Natur geordnet, beschrieben und vorgestellt (continued by C. Geyer). Published by the author, Augsburg, 32 pp.

    Hübner, J. (1818) Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge [sic], bestehend in Bekundigung einzelner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer nichteuropäischer Gattungen. bey dem Verfasser zu finden, Augsburg, 40 pp.

    Hübner, J. (1825) Verzeichniß bekannter Schmettlinge [sic]. Verzeichniß, Augsburg. 431 pp.

    Hübner, J. (1832) Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge [sic], bestehend in Bekundigung einzelner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer nichteuropäischer Gattungen. C. Geyer, Augsburg, 137 pp.

    James, J.B., Atcha-Ahowé, C., Godonou, I., Baimey, H., Goergen, H., Sikirou, R. & Toko, M. (2010) Integrated pest management in vegetable production: a guide for extension workers in West Africa. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 120 pp.

    Joannis, J. & Ragonot, E.-L. (1889) Descriptions de genres nouveaux et espèces nouvelles de Lépidoptères. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6 (8), 271–284.

    Joannis, J. (1913) Materiali per lo studio della fauna Eritrea raccolti nel 1901-03 dal Dott. A. Andreini tenente medico principalmente nelle regioni circostanti ad Adi-Ugri ed ad Adi-Caiè. Lépidoptères. Heterocera. Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana, 44, 122–147.

    Lederer, J. (1855) Beitrag zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Cypern, Beirut und einem Theile Klein-Asiens. Verhandlungen des zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien, 5, 177–254.

    Lederer, J. (1857) Nachtrag zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Beirut (Fortsetzung und Schluss). Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift, 1 (4), 97–102.

    Lederer, J. (1863) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Pyralidinen. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift, 7 (8, 10–12), 243–280 + 331–504.

    Leraut, P.J.A. (2003) Nouvelle contribution à l'étude des Pyrales Paléarctiques (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Revue française d'Entomologie, New Series, 25 (2), 67–79.

    Leraut, P.J.A. (2005) Contribution à l'étude des genres Pyralis Linnaeus, Pleuroptya Meyrick et Haritalodes Warren (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Revue française d'Entomologie, New Series, 27 (2), 77–94.

    Leraut, P. (2006) Contribution à l'étude du genre Hypsopygia Hübner (Lepidopera, Pyralidae). Revue française d'Entomologie, New Series, 28 (1), 5–30.

    Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.

    Mabille, P. (1879) Lepidoptera Madagascariensia; species novae. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris, 7 (3), 132–144.

    Mabille, P. (1880) Diagnoses Lepidopterum Malgassicorum. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 23, 16–27.

    Mabille, P. (1881) Note sur plusieurs envois de Lépidoptères provenant de Madagascar. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, 25, 5–8.

    Mabille, P. (1900) Lepidoptera nova malgassica et africana. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 68, 723–753.

    Marion, H. & Viette, P. (1956) Pyrales de Madagascar nouvelles ou peu connues (Lepidoptera). Mémoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série Entomologie, 7, 77–115.

    Martin, E.L. (1955) African species of the genus Pardomima Warren (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 3, 505–521.

    Meyrick, E. (1885) On the classification of the Australian Pyralidina. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1885, 421–456.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1885.tb00895.x

    Meyrick, E. (1886) Descriptions of Lepidoptera from the South Pacific. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1886, 189–296.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1886.tb01626.x

    Meyrick, E. (1887) On Pyralidina from Australia and the South Pacific. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1887, 185–268.

    Meyrick, E. (1904) New Hawaiian Lepidoptera. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 40, 131–133.

    Meyrick, E. (1934) Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. 4. Thornhanger, Marlborough, 64 pp. [pp. 545–608]

    Meyrick E. (1936) Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. 5. Thornhanger, Marlborough, 64 pp.

    Meyrick E. (1937) Exotic Microlepidoptera. Vol. 5. Thornhanger, Marlborough, England, 96 pp. [pp. 65–160]

    Moore, F. (1867) On the lepidopterous insects of Bengal. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1867, 44–98.

    Möschler, H.B. (1890) Die Lepidopteren-Fauna der Insel Portorico. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 16 (1), 69–360.

    Nuss, M., Landry, B., Mally, R., Vegliante, F., Tränkner, A., Bauer, F., Hayden, J., Segerer, A., Schouten, R., Li, H., Trofimova, T., Solis, M.A., De Prins, J. & Speidel, W. (2003–2018) Global Information System on Pyraloidea. Available from: http://www.pyraloidea.org (accessed 28 May 2018)

    Ogbalu, O.K., Bob Manuel, R.B. & Gbarakoro, T. (2015) The role of Sylepta derogata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the abscission and defoliation of okra flowers, seeds and pods in monocrop gardens in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 10 (6), 134–138.

    https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1062134138

    Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V. N., Underwood, E.C., D’Amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K.R. (2001) Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth. BioScience, 51 (11), 933–938.
    https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2

    Pinhey, E.C.G. (1975) Moths of Southern Africa. Descriptions and colour illustrations of 1183 species. Tafelberg, Cape Town, 273 pp.

    Plötz, C. (1880) Verzeichniss der vom Prof. Dr. R. Buchholz in West-Africa gesammelten Schmetterlinge (Schluss.). Entomologische Zeitung, 41, 298–307.

    Popescu-Gorj, A. & Constantinescu, A. (1977) Revision of the genus Euclasta Lederer (Lepidoptera, Pyraustinae). A taxonomic and zoogeographic study. Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa", 18, 157–245.

    Ragonot, E.L. (1888) Nouveaux genres et espèces de Phycitidae & Galleriidae. Publié par l'auteur, 1888, 1–52.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.117519

    Ragonot, E.L. (1891) Essai sur la classification des Pyralites (suite). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 60 (1), 15–114.

    Ragonot, E.L. & Hampson, G.F. (1901) Monographie des Phycitinae et des Galleriinae. Mémoires sur les Lépidoptères, St. Petersburg, 8 (8), pp. 1–602.

    Rian, S., Xue, Y.K., MacDonald, G.M., Toure, M.B., Yu, Y.F., De Sales, F., Levine, P.A., Doumbia, S. & Taylor, C.E. (2009) Analysis of Climate and Vegetation Characteristics along the Savanna—Desert Ecotone in Mali Using MODIS Data. Giscience & Remote Sensing, 46 (4), 424–450.
    https://doi.org/10.2747/1548-1603.46.4.424

    Rebel, H. (1892) Beitrag zur Mikrolepidopterenfauna des canarischen Archipels. Annalen des naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 7, 241–284.

    Rebel, H. (1912) Beitrag zur Lepidopterenfauna Unter-Aeqyptens. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 26 (1), 65–92.

    Rossi, P. (1794) Mantissa insectorum, exhibens species nuper in Etruria collectas, adjectis faunae Etruscae illustrationibus ac emendationibus. Polloni, Pisa, 332 pp.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.49449

    Rothschild, L.W. (1915) Macrolepidoptera. In: Rothschild, W., Durrant, J. H. Lepidoptera of the British Ornithologists' Union and Wollaston expeditions in the Snow Mountains, soutern Dutch New Guinea, 2 (15), Zoological Museum, Tring. pp. 1–146.

    Rothschild, L.W. (1921) Captain Angus Buchanan's Aïr expedition. 5. On the Lepidoptera collected by Captain A. Buchanan in northern Nigeria and the southern Sahara in 1919–1920. Novitates Zoologicae, 28, 215–229.

    Saalmüller, M. (1880) Neue Lepidopteren aus Madagaskar, die sich im Museum der Senckenberg'schen naturforschenden Gesellschaft befinden. Bericht über die Senckenbergische naturforschende Geselschaft, 1880, 258–310.

    Saunders, W.W. (1851) On insects injurious to the cotton plant. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 2 (1), 158–166.

    Schaus, W. (1940) Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Moths of the families Geometridae and Pyralididae. New York Academy of Sciences, Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, 12 (3), 289–417.

    Schouten, R.T.A. (1988) Revision of the species of the genus Euchromius Guenée, 1845 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambinae) occurring in the Afrotropical Region. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 244, 1–64.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1872) Bijdrage tot de Vlinder-fauna van Neder-Guinea, Zuidwestelijk gedeelte van Afrika. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 15, 1–110.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1875) Opgave der Geometrina en Pyralidina, in Nieuw Granada en op St. Thomas en Jamaica verzameld door W. Baron von Nolcken, met beschrijving en afbeelding der nieuwe soorten. Tweede Afdeeling: Pyralidina. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 18, 187–264.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1880) Nieuwe Pyraliden op het Eiland Celebes gevonden door Mr. M.C. Piepers. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 23, 198–250.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1882) Beschrijving eener nieuwe Javaansche Phycide, Ephestia guttella. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 25, 213–214.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1883) Lepidoptera van Celebes verzameld door Mr. M.C. Piepers, met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten. Tweede afdeeling: Heterocera. 4. Pyralidina. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 1883, 119–144.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1900) Nieuwe aanteekeningen over Pyraliden. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 42 (1–2), 58–95.

    Snellen, P.C.T. (1901) Aanteekeningen over Pyraliden. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 43, 265–310.

    Sourakov, A., Plotkin, D., Kawahara, A.Y., Xiao, L., Hallwachs, W. & Janzen, D. (2015) On the taxonomy of the Erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 25 (2), 80–97.

    Strand, E. (1913) Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition des Herrn G. Tessmann nach Süd-Kamerun und Spanisch-Guinea. Lepidoptera. 4. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 78 (12), 30–84.

    Strand, E. (1918) H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute: Pyralididae, Subfam. Pyraustinae. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris, 32 (1/2), 33–91.

    Swainson, W. (1821) Zoological illustrations, or, Original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals: selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology, entomology, and conchology, and arranged on the principles of Cuvier and other modern zoologists. Printed by R. and A. Taylor for Baldwin, Cradock and Joy and W. Wood, London, 426 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.42279

    Swinhoe, C. (1886) On the Lepidoptera of Mhow, in Central India. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1886, 421–465.

    Swinhoe, C. (1889) On new Indian Lepidoptera, chiefly Heterocera. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1889, 396–432.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1889.tb06782.x

    Swinhoe, C. (1894) New species of Geometers and Pyrales from the Khasia Hills. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 6, 14 (80), 135–149.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939408677780

    Tams, W.H.T. (1941) New moths of the family Pyralidae. The Entomologist, 74, 193–194.

    Torello-Raventos, M., Feldpausch, T.R., Veenendaal, E., Schrodt, F., Saiz, G., Domingues, T.F., Djagbletey, G., Ford, A., Kemp, J., Marimon, B.S., Marimon, B.H., Lenza, E., Ratter, J.A., Maracahipes, L., Sasaki, D., Sonke, B., Zapfack, L., Taedoumg, H., Villarroel, D., Schwarz, M., Quesada, C.A., Ishida, F.Y., Nardoto, G.B., Affum-Baffoe, K., Arroyo, L., Bowman, D.M.J.S., Compaore, H., Davies, K., Diallo, A., Fyllas, N.M., Gilpin, M., Hien, F., Johnson, M., Killeen, T.J., Metcalfe, D., Miranda, H.S., Steininger, M., Thomson, J., Sykora, K., Mougin, E., Hiernaux, P., Bird, M.I., Grace, J., Lewis, S.L., Phillips, O.L. & Lloyd, J. (2013) On the delineation of tropical vegetation types with an emphasis on forest/savanna transitions. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 6 (1), 101–137.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.762812

    Treitschke, F. (1835) Die Schmetterlinge von Europa (Fortsetzung des Ochsenheimer'schen Werkes). Ernst Fleischer, Leipzig, 340 pp.

    Viette, P. (1976) Lépidoptères de la Réunion (= Bourbon) nouveaux au peu connus. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 80 (8–9), 211–218.

    Viette, P. & Guillermet, C. (1996) Lépidoptères Hétérocères de la Réunion (= Bourbon). Société réunionnaise des Amis du Muséum, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, 117 pp.

    Walker, F. (1859a) Pyralides. In: List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 17. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 256–508.

    Walker, F. (1859b) Pyralides. In: List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 18. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 509–798.

    Walker, F. (1859c) Pyralides. In: List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 19. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 799–1036.

    Walker, F. (1859d) Supplement 4. In: List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 34. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, pp. 1121–1533.

    Walker, F. (1862) Characters of undescribed Lepidoptera in the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3 (1), 70–128.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1862.tb00593.x

    Walker, F. (1866) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 34. Supplement Part 4. The Trustees of the British Museum, London, 413 pp. [pp. 1121–1533]

    Walker, F. (1869) Characters of seventy-six undescribed species of heterocerous Lepidoptera from Congo, West Africa. Proceedings (& Transactions) of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, 1, 325–378.

    Warren, W. (1896) New species of Pyralidae from the Khasia Hills. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, 6 (18), 163–177.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939608680433

    Wikipedia (2018) The Free Encyclopedia. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/ (accessed 10 May 2018)

    Wood-Mason, J. (1885) Some account of the 'Palan Byoo' or 'Teindoung Bo' (Paraponyx oryzalis), a lepidopterous insect-pest of the rice-plant in Burma which in the caterpillar stage breathes water by means of tracheal gills. Government Printing, Calcutta, 12 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9341

    Yamanaka, H. (1972) Notes on the Pyralidae from Formosa 1. Tinea, 9 (1), 261–275.

    Zeller, P.C. (1847) Bemerkungen über die auf einer Reise nach Italien und Sicilien beobachteten Schmetterlingsarten. Isis von Oken, 1847, 121–159 + 213–233 + 284–308 + 401–457 + 481–522 + 561–594 + 639–670 + 721–771 + 801–859 + 895–910.

    Zeller, P.C. (1852) Lepidoptera Microptera, quae J.A. Wahlberg in Caffrorum terra collegit. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, 40 (3), 1–120.