Abstract
Based on published records and original data, a list of the epibiont suctorian and peritrich ciliates (Ciliophora) on halacarid and hydrachnid mites is presented. Altogether 13 suctorian and 10 peritrich species from hydrachnid and halacarid mites were listed. From this list, six suctorian and one peritrich species have been reported from halacarid mites, while four suctorian and four peritrich species were found on hydrachnid mites determined up to species level. The remaining specimens were determined upto the generic level. The halacarid and hydrachnid species do not share any suctorian and peritrich species and some of the ciliate species are specific to certain taxonomic groups of the hosts.The host specificity of both suctorian and peritrich ciliates, localization on the host body and environment are discussed. Some ciliate species specific to hydrachnid mites prefer lotic or lentic habitats. In most cases, both suctorian and peritrich ciliates prefer only marine or only fresh water bodies. It was also mentioned that both suctorian and peritrich ciliates have not distinct preferences in localization on their host body.
References
Abé, H. (1997) Halacarid mites of the genus Actacarus (Acari: Halacaridae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Species Diversity, 2, 31–42.
https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.2.31Allgen, C.A. (1949) Uber zwei neue subantarktische Suctorien. Archiv für Zoologie, 42, 1–3.
Allgen, C.A. (1952) Uber zwei neue antarktischeSuctorien aus dem Gracham Land. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets i Lund Forhandlingar, 21,173–176.
Allgen, C.A. (1955) Die Suctorien der scgwedischen Sudpolar-Expedition (1901–1903). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 154, 36–48.
Ansari, K.G.M.T., Guidi, L., Dovgal, I., Balsamo. M. & Semprucci, F. (2017) Some epibiont suctorian ciliates from meiofaunal organisms of Maldivian archipelago with description of a new ciliate species. Zootaxa, 4258 (4), 375–387.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4258.4.5Bartsch, I. (1976) Zur Systematik und Verbreitung der Halacarellus-Arten (Halacaridae, Acari) an der Bretagne-Küste. Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, 5, 97–109.
Bartsch, I. (1989) Copidognathus brifacius n. sp. (Halacaridae, Acari) und Bemerkungen zu weiteren Bewohners des Seeigels Spatangus purpureus (Echinoidea). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen zoologischen Museum Institut, 86, 315–328.
Bartsch, I. (1994) Halacarid mites (Acari) from hydrothermal deep-sea sites. New records. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 35, 479–490.
Bartsch, I. (1998) Halacarinae (Acari: Halacaroidea) from the northwestern Black Sea: A review. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 95, 143–178.
Bartsch, I. (2001a) Halacarus Gosse, 1855, H. ctenopus Gosse, 1855 and Thalassarachna Packard, 1871 (Arachnida, Acari): proposed conservation of usage of the name by designation of a neotype for H. ctenopus. Bulletin of zoological Nomenclature, 58, 202–205.
Bartsch, I. (2001b) Black Sea Copidognathinae (Arachnida: Acari: Halacaridae): A review. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reiche, 77, 247–275.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.20010770211Bartsch, I. (2003) A new arenicolous Copidognathus (Halacaridae: Acari) from Dampier, Western Australia. In: Wells, F.E., Walker, D.L. & Jones, D.S. (Eds.), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, pp. 282–290.
Bartsch, I. (2015a) Halacaridae (Acari) amongst the epiflora and fauna on trunks, branches, roots, and pneumatophores on the coast of Singapore: A survey. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, No. 31 (Supplement), 96–138.
Bartsch, I. (2015b) Thalassarachna basteri and T. affinis (Acari, Halacaridae), history, characters, biology, and distribution. Ecologica Montenegrina, 2 (3), 228–241.
Bartsch, I. & Dovgal, I.V. (2010) A hydrothermal vent mite (Halacaridae, Acari) with a new Corynophrya species (Suctoria, Ciliophora), description of the suctorian and its distribution on the halacarid mite. European journal of Protistology, 46, 196–203.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2010.02.001Bartsch, I. & Panesar, A.R. (2000) Die Meeresmilbe Caspihalacarus hyrcanus in der Donau bei wien, ein ponto-kaspisches Relikt. Natur und Museum, 130, 258–263.
Boshko, E.G. & Dovgal, I.V. (2004) Sessile ciliates (Ciliophora). In: Karadag. Hydrobiological observations (Scientific works dedicated to 90th anniversary of Tome I. Vyazemsky Karadag Scientific Station and 25th Anniversary of Karadag Natural Reserve of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences). Book 2. Sonat, Simferopol, pp. 313–316. [in Russian]
Babko, R., Kusmina, T., Łacód, G. & Jaromin-Gleń, K. (2014) Changes in the structure of activated sludge Protozoa community at the different oxygen condition. Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology,19, 87–95.
https://doi.org/10.1515/cdem-2014-0008Charubhun, B. & Charubhun, N. (2000) Biodiversity of freshwater Protozoa in Thailand. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science), 34, 486–494.
Chatterjee, T. (1996) Ciliate infestation on the phytal Halacaridae (Acari) from the Kovalam beach, Kerala. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 1996, 107–108.
Chatterjee, T., Lee, J.M. & Chang, C.Y. (2004) Two Copidognathus halacarids (Acari: Halacaridae) from Korea. The Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 20, 45–54.
Chatterjee, T., Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Chan, B.K.K. (2012) New record of ciliate Thecacineta calix (Ciliophora: Suctorea) epibiont on Agauopsis halacarid mite (Acari, Halacaridae) from Taiwan. Scripta Scientarium Naturalium, 2, 121–127.
Chatterjee, T., Fernandez-Leborans, G., Ramteke, R. & Ingole, B. (2013a) New records of epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora) from Indian coast with descriptions of six new species. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 143–159.
Chatterjee, T., Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Senna, A.R. (2013b) Ciliate epibionts on Melita Petronio Senna et al., 2012 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Brazil. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 393–404.
Chatterjee, T., Kotov A. & Fernandez-Leborans , G. (2013c) A checklist of epibiotic ciliates (Peritrichia and Suctoria) on the cladoceran crustaceans. Biologia, 68 (3), 439–477.
https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-013-0180-8Chatterjee, T., Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Schizas, N.V. (2014a) Report of Thecacineta calix (Ciliophora: Suctorea) as an epibiont of harpacticoid copepods from Caribbean mesophotic reefs. Caribbean Journal of Science, 48, 44–48.
https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v48i1.a6Chatterjee, T., Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Marshall, D.J. (2014b) New records of ciliate epibionts (Ciliophora: Suctorea) from Brunei Darussalam. Marine Biodiversity Records, 70 (e87), 1–4.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267214000943Detcheva, R.B. (1992) Catalogi faunae Bulgaricae. Vol. 1. Protozoa, Ciliophora. Academia Scientiarum Bulgaricae, Sofia, 134 pp.
Dons, C. (1927) Neue und wenig bekannte Protozoen. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 7, 1–17.
Dons, C. (1943) Ophryodendron halacaridis n.sp. Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Forhandlinger, 15 (48), 184–185.
Dovgal, I.V. (1987) Tentaculous infusoria (Ciliophora, Suctoria) from the East part of Ukrainian Polesye.Vestnik Zoologii, 21 (4) 3–8. [in Russian with English summary]
Dovgal, I.V. (1991) Peculiarities of Ciliophora Suctoria biocoenotic distribution in water bodies of the right-bank Ukrainian Polesje area.Vestnik zoologii, 28 (4), 54–57. [in Russian with English summary]
Dovgal, I.V. (1993) New species of suctorians (Ciliophora, Suctoria) from water bodies of Ukraine.Vestnik Zoologii, 27 (1), 34–37. [in Russian with English summary]
Dovgal, I.V. (1996) Keys for identification of tentaculous infusoria (Ciliophora, Suctoria) of the Ukrainian fauna. Vestnik Zoologii, 2 (Supplement), 1–42.
Dovgal, I.V. (2002) Evolution, phylogeny and classification of Suctorea Claparède et Lachmann, 1858. Protistology, 2, 194– 270.
Dovgal, I.V. (2013) Fauna of Ukraine. Vol. 36. Ciliates—Ciliophora. Issue 1. Class Suctorea. Naukova dumka, Kiev, 267 pp.
Dovgal, I., Chatterjee, T. & Ingole, B. (2008a) An overview of suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora: Suctorea) as epibionts of halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae). Zootaxa, 1810, 60–68.
Dovgal, I., Chatterjee, T., Ingole, B. & Nanajkar, M. (2008b) First report of Limnoricus ponticus Dovgal & Lozowskiy (Ciliophora: Suctorea) as epibionts on Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha) from the Indian Ocean with key to species of the genus Limnoricus. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 49, 381–385.
Dovgal, I., Chatterjee, T. & Ingole, B. (2009a) New records of Thecacineta cothurnioides and Trematosoma rotunda (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts on nematodes from the Indian Ocean. Protistology, 6, 19–23.
Dovgal, I., Chatterjee, T., Subba Rao, D.V., Chan, B.K.K. & De Troch, M. (2009b) New records of Praethecacineta halacari (Schulz) (Suctorea: Ciliophora) from Taiwan, Tanzania and Canada. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2, e136.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s175526720999056xDovgal, I.V. & Pešić, V. (2007) Acineta persiensis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Suctorea)—a new freshwater suctorian speciesfrom the water mites of genus Protzia (Acari, Hydrachnidia). Vestnik Zoologii, 41, 165–167.
Dovgal, I.V. & Pešić, V. (2012)Suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts of a stream-dwelling aquatic beetles (Coleoptera) and watermites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) in the souhwesternPalaearctic region. Zootaxa, 3166, 34–40.
Dovgal, I.V., Zawal, A. & Pešić, V. (2012) New finds of Tokophrya wenzeli (Ciliophora, Suctorea), a commensal of watermites (Acari, Hydrachnidia), and the redescription of the species. Vestnik zoologii, 46, 69–72.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10058-012-0004-2Durucan, F. & Boyaci, Y.Ö. (2016) First Record of the Ciliate Praethecacineta halacari (Ciliophora: Suctorea) Epibiont on Copidognathus Halacarid Mite from Portugal. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (2), 97–100.
https://doi.org/10.22392/egirdir.283160Fauré-Fremiet, E. 1905. Note sur quelques formes nouvelles de Vorticellidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 29, 430–432.
Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Tato-Porto, M.L. (2000a) A review of the species of protozoan epibionts on crustaceans. I. Peritrich ciliates. Crustaceana, 73, 643–684.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854000504705Fernandez-Leborans, G. & Tato-Porto, M.L. (2000b) A review of the species of protozoan epibionts on crustaceans. II. Suctorian ciliates. Crustaceana, 73, 1205–1237.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854000505209Fernandez-Leborans, G., Chatterjee, T. & Grego, M. (2012) New records of epibiont ciliates (Ciliophora) on Harpacticoida (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Bay of Piran (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic).Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 53, 53–63.
Fernandez-Leborans, G., Dávila, P., Cerezo, E. & Contreras, C. (2013) Epibiosis and hyper epibiosis on Pagurus bernhardus (Crustacea: Decapoda) from the west Coast of Scotland. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93 (5), 1351–1362.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315412001610Gelmboldt, M.V. & Dovgal, I.V. (2005) The new finds of suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora, Suctorea) at the halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae) from the Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea.Vestnik Zoologii, N19 (Supplement), 85–86. [in Russian with English summary]
Gosse, P.H. (1855) Notes on some new or little-known marine animals (III). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 2, 16 (91), 305–313.
https://doi.org/10.1080/037454809496409Grimaldi, P. (1965) Osservazioni su alcuni elementi del mesopsammon della Sardegna. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 73, 61–65.
Hamond, R. (1970) The marine protozoa, metazoan and porifera of Norfolk.Transactions of the Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists Sociery, 22 (2), 83–89.
Heckman, C.W. (1979) Rice field ecology in Northeastern Thailand: the effect of wet and dry Seasons on a cultivated aquatic ecosystem. In: Illies, J. (Ed.), Monographia Biologicae. Vol. 34. Springer, Hague/Boston/London, pp. 1–228.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9591-8Henebry, M.S. & Ridgeway, B.T. (1979) Epizoic ciliated Protozoa of planktonic copepods and cladocerans and their possible use as indicators of organic water pollution. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 98, 495–508.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3225899Ingole, B., Singh, R., Sautya, S., Dovgal, I. & Chatterjee, T. (2010) Report of epibiont Thecacineta calix (Ciliophora, Suctorea) on deep sea Desmodora (Nematoda) from the Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. Marine Biodiversity Records, 3, e46, 1–3.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267209990777Jankowski, A.V. (1981) New species, genera and families of tentacled infusoria (class Suctoria). Proceedings of the Zoologica lInstitute, 107, 80–115. [in Russian with English summary]
Jankowski, A.V. (2007) Review of taxa Phylum Ciliophora Doflein, 1901. In: Alimov, A.F. (Ed.), Protista: Handbook on Zoology. Pt. 2. Nauka, St. Petersburg, pp. 415–993.
Jaromin-Gleń, K., Babko, R., Łacód, G. & Sobczuk, H. (2013) Community composition and abundance of Protozoa under different concentration of nitrogen compounds at “Hajdow” wastewater treatment plant. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering, 20, 127–139.
https://doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0010Kahl, A. (1934) Suctoria. In: Grimpe, G. & Wagler, E (Eds.), Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee, Lief 26, 11, 184–226.
Kahl, A. (1935) Urtiere oder Protozoa. I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria), eine Bearbeitung der freilebenden und ectocommensalen Infusorien der Erde, unter Ausschuss der marinen Tintinnidae. In: Dahl, F. (Ed.), Die Tierwelt Deuchland, Pt. 30, pp. 651–886.
Kudo, R.R. (1931) Hand book of Protozoology. Springfield, Illinois, 451 pp.
Lynn, D.H. (2008) The ciliated Protozoa. Characterization, classification and guide to the literature. Springer, Dordrecht, 605 pp.
Lust, S. (1950) Symphorionte Peritrichen auf Käfern und Wanzen. Zoologische Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Systematik, 79, 353–436.
Mariño-Pérez, R., Dovgal, I. & Mayén-Estrada, R. (2011) New records of suctorians (Ciliophora: Suctoria) as epibionts of aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha: Nepomorpha) from two regions: Mexico and Eastern Europe. Zootaxa, 2798, 48–60.
Matthes, D. (1954) Suktorienstudien IV. Neue obligatorisch Symphoriont mit Wasserkäfern vergesells chaftete Discophrya-Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 153, 76–88.
Matthes, D. (1956) Suktorienstudien VIII. Thecacineta calix (Schroder, 1907) (Thecacinetidae nov. fam.) und ihre Fortpflanzung durch Vermoid-Schwarmer. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 101, 477–528.
Matthes, D. & Stiebler, G. (1970) Susswassersuktorien auf Arachniden. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 112, 65–70.
Matthes, D., Guhl, W. & Haider, G. (1988) Suctoria und Urceolaridae. In: Protozoenfauna. Band 7/1. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart,309 pp.
Motas, C. (1928) Contribution à la connaissance des Hydracariens français particulièrement du Sud-Est de la France. Travaux du Laboratoire d'hydrobiologie et de pisciculture de l'Université de Grenoble, 20, 1-373.
Normant, M., Zawal, A., Chatterjee ,T. & Wójcik, D. (2013) Epibiotic mites associated with the invasive Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis – new records of Halacaridae from Poland. Oceanologia, 55 (4), 901–915.
https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-4.901
Precht, H. (1935) Epizoen der Kielr Bucht. Nova Acta Leopoldina Halle, 3, 405–474.
Safi, L.S., Fontoura, N.F., Severo, H.J. & Utz, L.R. (2014) Temporal structure of the peritrich ciliate assemblage in a large Neotropical lake. Zoological Studies, 53, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40555-014-0017-3Pepato, A.R. & Tiago, C.G. (2005) New species and new occurences of Copidognathus (Acari, Halacaridae) from thenorthern littoral zone of Sao Paulo State (Brazil). Zootaxa, 1083 (1), 1–35.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1083.1.1Ramadan, S.A. (2004) Description of epibiont ciliates on the water miteUnionicola tetrafurcatus and their disdribution on the host legs. Egyptian journal of Zoology, e42, 97–112.
Schroder, O. (1907) Die Infusorien der deutschen sudpolar—Expedition. Ergebn. d. D. Sudpolar Expedition 1901–1903, 9, 349–360.
Schultz, E. (1933) Beitrage zur Kenntnis marinen Suctorien. V. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 103, 327–329.
Schultz, E. (1938) Beitrage zur Kenntnis marinen Suctorien. VIII. Kieler Meeresforschungen, 2, 354–355.
Viets, K. (1938) Über eine neue Art von Meresmilben, Copidognathus tricorneata Lohmann (Halacaridae, Acari). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 122, 127–132.
Wahl, M. (1989) Marine epibiosis. I. Fouling and antifouling—some basicaspects. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 58, 175–189.
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps058175Wahl, M., Hay, M.E. & Enderlein, P. (1997) Effects of epibiosis on consumer-prey interactions. Hydrobiologia, 355, 49–59.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003054802699