Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 4497 No. 1: 8 Oct. 2018
Type: Article
Published: 2018-10-08
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4497.1.4
Page range: 61–81
Abstract views: 98
PDF downloaded: 2

Geographic variation and taxonomy of red-tailed Gymnophthalmus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Amazonian Savannas

Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-090
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-090
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-090
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-090
Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. CEP 68035-110
Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. CEP 68035-110
Laboratório de Ecologia e Comportamento Animal, Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará. Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, Santarém, Pará, Brazil. CEP 68035-110
Doc Frog Expeditions
Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. Rua do Matão, trav. 14, no 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil. CEP 05508-090
Reptilia Amazon diversification enclaves lizards molecular systematics morphometry

Abstract

Gymnophthalmus represents a challenging group for systematics of microteiid lizards. Due to scarcity of exemplars and molecular data, the taxonomy of the genus has been unstable, and six of its eight species are considered part of a poorly-delimited complex of unisexual and bisexual species. Unnamed populations of red-tailed Gymnophthalmus from savanna enclaves in Amazon, similar to G. vanzoi but with differences in color pattern, have been noted in the literature. Here, we used molecular and morphological data to test the taxonomic status of the Central Amazonian red-tailed Gymnophthalmus (G. sp.). Our molecular analysis recovered a close relationship between G. vanzoi and G. sp. from Central Amazon, with minimal divergence. Samples were similar in scale counts but presented significant variation in color pattern and morphometry. Despite the geographic isolation, individuals of both populations cannot be fully differentiated based on morphology. Thus, our results suggest that G. vanzoi has a wider distribution, including the Central Amazonian red-tailed Gymnophthalmus and likely morphologically similar populations from other enclaves of Amazonian savannas, which may have been isolated recently. Based on our comparative analysis, we highlight some characters proved useful for differentiating Brazilian Gymnophthalmus and discuss some prospects for the taxonomy of the genus.

 

References

  1. Adeney, J.M., Christensen, N.L., Vicentini, A. & Cohn‐Haft, M. (2016) White‐sand Ecosystems in Amazonia. Biotropica, 48, 7–23.
    https://doi.org/ 10.1111/btp.12293

    Akaike, H. (1981) Likelihood of a model and information criteria. Journal of Econometrics, 16, 3–14.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90071-3

    Avila-Pires, T.C.S. (1995) Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische verhandelingen, 299, 1–706.

    Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Hoogmoed, M.S. & Rocha, W.A.D. (2010) Notes on the Vertebrates of northern Pará, Brazil: a forgotten part of the Guianan Region, I. Herpetofauna. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Naturais, 5, 13–112.

    Avila-Pires, T.C.S., Palheta, G.S., Silva, M.B. & Sturaro, M.J. (2017) Geographic variation in Kentropyx striata (Reptilia: Teiidae): Can we distinguish between isolated populations? South American Journal of Herpetology, 12, 224–235.
    https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00028.1

    Bocourt, M.F. (1881) Etudes sur les reptiles. In: Duméril, A., Bocourt, M.F. & Mocquard, F., 1870-1909, Recherches Zoologiques pour sevir a l'Histoire de la Faune de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale. Imprimerie Nationale Imper., Paris, pp. 473.

    Borges, S.H., Cornelius, C., Moreira, M., Ribas, C.C., Conh‐Haft, M., Capurucho, J.M., Vargas, C. & Almeida, R. (2016) Bird Communities in Amazonian White‐Sand Vegetation Patches: Effects of Landscape Configuration and Biogeographic Context. Biotropica, 48, 121–131.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12296

    Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. (2004) Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Vol. II. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY, 870 pp.

    Capurucho, J.M.G., Cornelius, C., Borges, S.H., Cohn-Haft, M., Aleixo, A., Metzger, J.P. & Ribas, C.C. (2013) Combining phylogeography and landscape genetics of Xenopipo atronitens (Aves: Pipridae), a white sand campina specialist, to understand Pleistocene landscape evolution in Amazonia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 110, 60–76.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12102

    Carneiro-Filho, A., Schwartz, D., Tatumi, S.H. & Rosique, T. (2002) Amazonian paleodunes provide evidence for drier climate phases during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene. Quaternary Research, 58, 205–209.
    https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2345

    Carvalho, C.M. (1997) Uma nova espécie de microteiideo do gênero Gymnophthalmus do estado de Roraima, Brasil (Sauria, Gymnophthalmidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 40, 161–174.

    Castresana, J. (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17, 540–552.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334

    Clement, M., Posada, D.C.K.A. & Crandall, K.A. (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657–1659.
    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x

    Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H.C., Townsend, C.R. & Arnold, M.G. (1990) Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia: Teiidae) in the Neotropics: genetics, origin, and systematics. American Museum Novitates, 2994, 1–29.

    Cole, C.J., Dessauer, H.C. & Markezich, A.L. (1993) Missing link found: the second ancestor of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Squamata, Teiidae), a South American unisexual lizard of hybrid origin. American Museum Novitates, 3055, 1–13.

    Cole, C.J., Townsend, C.R., Reynolds, R.P., MacCulloch, R.D. & Lathrop, A. (2013) Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 125, 317–578.
    https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-125.4.317

    Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772.
    https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109

    Doan, T.M. & Castoe, T.A. (2005) Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Cercosaurini (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae), with new genera for species of Neusticurus and Proctoporus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143, 405–416.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00145.x

    Egler, W.A. (1960) Contribuição ao conhecimento dos campos da Amazônia. I – Os campos do Ariramba. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, 4, 1–36.

    Fetzner Junior, J.W. (1999) Extracting High-Quality DNA from Shed Reptile Skins: A Simplified Method. BioTechniques, 26, 1052–1054.
    https://doi.org/10.2144/99266bm09

    Forsman, A., & Shine, R. (1995) The adaptive significance of colour pattern polymorphism in the Australian scincid lizard Lampropholis delicata. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 55, 273–291.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01066.x

    García-Pérez, J.E. & Schargel, W.E. (2017) A new species of Gymnophthalmus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from sand dunes of the Llanos of Apure, Venezuela. Zootaxa, 4318 (3), 576–586.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.9

    Goicoechea, N., Frost, D.R., De La Riva, I., Pellegrino, K., Sites, J., Rodrigues, M.T. & Padial, J.M. (2016) Molecular systematics of teioid lizards (Teioidea/Gymnophthalmoidea: Squamata) based on the analysis of 48 loci under tree‐alignment and similarity‐alignment. Cladistics, 32, 624–671.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12150

    Gorzula, S. & Señaris, J.C. (1999) Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana: I. A data base. Scientia Guaianae, 8, 1–269.

    Goulding, M., Barthem, R. & Ferreira, E. (2003) The Smithsonian atlas of the Amazon. Smithsonian Books, 256 pp.

    Grant, C. (1958) A new Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia, Teiidae) from Barbados, B. W. I. Herpetologica, 14, 227–228.

    Grizante, M.B., Brandt, R. & Kohlsdorf, T. (2012) Evolution of body elongation in gymnophthalmid lizards: relationships with climate. PloS One, 7, e49772.
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049772

    Hallowell, E. (1861) Report upon the Reptilia of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition under command of Capt. John Rogers, U.S.N. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1860, 480–510.

    Harris, D.J., Arnold, E.N. & Thomas, R.H. (1998) Relationships of lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae) estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 265, 1939–1948.

    Hernández-Ruz, E.J. (2006) Gymnophthalmus speciosus (Hallowell 1861) (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) en Colombia. Caldasia, 28, 79–88.

    Hoogmoed, M.S. (1973). Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam IV: The lizards and amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica 4. Springer Science & Business Media, The Hague, 419 pp.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2706-9

    Hoogmoed, M.S., Cole, C.J. & Ayarzaguena, J. (1992) A new cryptic species of lizard (Sauria: Teiidae: Gymnophthalmus) from Venezuela. Zoologische mededelingen, 66, 1–18.

    Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180

    Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C., Thierer, T., Ashton, B., Mentjies, P. & Drummond, A. (2012) Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics, 28, 1647–1649.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199

    Kizirian, D.A. & Cole, C.J. (1999) Origin of the Unisexual Lizard Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Gymnophthalmidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Nucleotide Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 11, 394–400.
    https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1998.0591

    Kok, P.J.R., Bittenbinder, M.A., van den Berg, J.K., Marques-Souza, S., Nunes, P.M.S., Laking, A., Teixeira Jr, M., Fouquet, A., Means D.B., MacCulloch, R.D. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2018) Integrative taxonomy of the gymnophthalmid lizard Neusticurus rudis Boulenger, 1900 identifies a new species in the eastern Pantepui region, north-eastern South America. Journal of Natural History, 52, 1029–1066.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1439541

    Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33 (7), 1870–1874.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054

    Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23, 2947–2948.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404

    Leigh, J.W. & Bryant, D. (2015) PopART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1110–1116.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410

    Librado, P. & Rozas, J. (2009) DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25, 1451–1452.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187

    Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ, 824 pp.

    Martins J.M. (1991) An eletrophoretic study of two sibling species of the genus Gymnophthalmus and its bearing on the origin of the parthenogenetic G. underwoodii (Sauria, Teiidae). Revista Brasileira de Genetica, 14, 691–703.

    Matos, M.V., Borges, S.H., d'Horta, F.M., Cornelius, C., Latrubesse, E., Cohn‐Haft, M. & Ribas, C.C. (2016) Comparative Phylogeography of Two Bird Species, Tachyphonus phoenicius (Thraupidae) and Polytmus theresiae (Trochilidae), Specialized in Amazonian White‐sand Vegetation. Biotropica, 48, 110–120.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12292

    Meza-Joya, F.L. & Ramos-Pallares, E. (2015) New records, range extensions and updated distribution of two gymnophthalmid lizards from the Caribbean Region, Colombia. Check List, 11, 1735.
    https://doi.org/10.15560/11.5.1735

    McGuire, G. & Wright, F. (2000) TOPAL 2.0: improved detection of mosaic sequences within multiple alignments. Bioinformatics, 16, 130–134.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/16.2.130

    Mesquita, D.O., Costa, G.C. & Colli, G.R. (2006) Ecology of an Amazonian savanna lizard assemblage in Monte Alegre, Pará state, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology, 1, 61–71.
    https://doi.org/10.2994/1808-9798(2006)1[61:EOAASL]2.0.CO;2

    Milne, I., Lindner, D., Bayer, M., Husmeier, D., McGuire, G., Marshall, D.F. & Wright, F. (2009) TOPALi v2: a rich graphical interface for evolutionary analyses of multiple alignments on HPC clusters and multi-core desktops. Bioinformatics, 25, 126–127.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btn575

    Pellegrino, K., Rodrigues, M.T., Yonenaga‐Yassuda, Y. & Sites, J.W. (2001) A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 315–338.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01395.x

    Prance, G.T. (1996) Islands in Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 351, 823–833.
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1996.0077

    Quijada-Mascareñas, J.A., Fergunson, J.E., Pook, C.E., Salomão, M.G., Thorpe, R.S. & Wüster, W. (2007) Phylogeographic patterns of trans-Amazonian biogeography: the neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus complex) as an example. Journal of biogeography, 34, 1296–1312.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01707.x

    R Core Team (2016) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed 29 August 2018)

    Recoder, R.S., Ribeiro, M.C. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2013) Spatial variation in morphometry in Vanzosaura rubricauda (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from open habitats of South America and its environmental correlates. South American Journal of Herpetology, 8, 186–197.
    https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJHD1200019.1

    Recoder, R.S., Werneck, F.P., Teixeira Junior, M., Colli, G.R., Sites, J.W. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2014) Geographic variation and systematic review of the lizard genus Vanzosaura (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 171, 206–225.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12128

    Ribeiro-Júnior, M. & Amaral, S. (2016) Diversity, distribution, and conservation of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) in the Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Biodiversity, 2, 195–421.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2016.1236769

    Rodrigues, M.T. (1991) Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. III. Procellosaurinus: um novo gênero de microteídeos sem pálpebra, com a redefinição do gênero Gymnophthalmus (Sauria, Teiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 37, 329–342.

    Rodrigues, M.T., Pellegrino, K.C.M., Dixo, M., Verdade, V.K., Pavan, D., Argôlo, A.J.S. & Sites Junior, J.W. (2007) A new genus of microteiid lizard from the Atlantic Forests of state of Bahia, Brazil, with a new generic name for Colobosaura mentalis, and a discussion of relationships among the Heterodactylini (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae). American Museum Novitates, 3565, 1–27.
    https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)496[1:ANGOML]2.0.CO;2

    Rodrigues, M.T., Teixeira Junior, M., Dal Vechio F., Amaro, R.C., Nisa, C., Camacho, A., Damasceno, R., Roscito, J.G., Nunes, P.M.S. & Recoder, R.S. (2013) Rediscovery of the Earless Microteiid Lizard Anotosaura collaris Amaral, 1933 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): A redescription complemented by osteological, hemipenial, molecular, karyological, physiological and ecological data. Zootaxa, 3731 (3), 345–370.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3731.3.5

    Rodrigues, M.T., Recoder, R., Teixeira Jr., M., Roscito, J.G., Camacho, A., Nunes, P.M.S., Freitas, M.A., Fernandes, D.S., Bocchiglieri, A., Dal Vechio, F., Leite, F.S.F., Nogueira, C.C., Damasceno, R., Pelleegrino, K.C.M., Argôlo, A.J.S. & Amaro, R.C. (2017) A morphological and molecular study of Psilops, a replacement name for the Brazilian microteiid lizard genus Psilophthalmus Rodrigues 1991 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4286 (4), 451–482.
    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4286.4.1

    Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Van Der Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic biology, 61, 539–542.
    https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029

    Ruthven, A.G. (1922) The amphibians and reptiles of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Miscellaneous Publications of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 8, 1–69.

    Snyder, S.J., Schmidt, R.E., McMullin, E.R., Parker, B.F. & Ferus, H.L. (2017) Gymnophthalmus underwoodi Grant, 1958 (Reptilia: Gymnophthalmidae), a new record for the island of Montserrat. Check List, 13, 2153.
    https://doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2153

    Stephens, M., Smith, N.J. & Donnelly, P. (2001) A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 68, 978–989.
    https://doi.org/10.1086/319501

    Townsend, T.M., Alegre, R.E., Kelley, S.T., Wiens, J.J. & Reeder, T.W. (2008) Rapid development of multiple nuclear loci for phylogenetic analysis using genomic resources: an example from Squamate reptiles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 47, 129–142.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.008

    Ugueto, G.N., Velozo, P., Sanchez, L.E., Villapol, L.A.B., Lasso-Alcalá, O., Barros, T.R. & Rivas, G.A. (2013) Noteworthy new records of squamate reptiles (Reptilia: Squamata) from various Venezuelan Caribbean islands, including a new addition to the herpetofauna of Venezuela. Check List, 9, 1075–1080.
    https://doi.org/10.15560/9.5.1075

    Vanzolini, P.E. & Carvalho, C.M. (1991) Two sibling and sympatric species of Gymnophthalmus in Roraima, Brasil (Sauria: Teiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 37, 173–226.

    Vitt, L.J. & Carvalho, C.M. (1995) Niche partitioning in a tropical wet season: lizards in the lavrado area of northern Brazil. Copeia, 1995, 305–329.
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1446894

    Vitt, L.J. & Zani, P.A. (1998) Ecological relationships among sympatric lizards in a transitional forest in the northern Amazon of Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 14, 63–86.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000066

    Vitt, L.J., Caldwell, J.P., Zani, P.A. & Titus, T.A. (1997) The role of habitat shift in the evolution of lizard morphology: evidence from tropical Tropidurus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 3828–3832.
    https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3828

    Wiens, J.J., Brandley, M.C. & Reeder, T.W. (2006) Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in Squamate reptiles. Evolution, 60, 123–141.
    https://doi.org/10.1554/05-328.1

    Wüster, W., Ferguson, J.E., Quijada‐Mascareñas, J.A., Pook, C.E., Salomão, M.G. & Thorpe, R.S. (2005) Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia, and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology, 14, 1095–1108.
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02471.x

    Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y., Vanzolini, P.E., Rodrigues, M.T. & de Carvalho, C.M. (1995) Chromosome banding patterns in the unisexual microteiid Gymnophthalmus underwoodi and in two related sibling species (Gymnophthalmidae, Sauria). Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 70, 29–34.
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000133985

    Zar, J.H. (2014) Biostatistical Analysis. 5th Edition. Pearson Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 960 pp.