Abstract
Numerous unidentified specimens of Holothuroidea received from the Natal and South African Museums or present in the collections of the former University of Durban-Westville, contain several new species and many that are new to the fauna of South Africa. This paper includes descriptions of new species or new records of several dendrochirotid holothuroids and a dactylochirotid from off the east coast of South Africa, extending from Kosi Bay in the north to the Port St Johns-East London area, in the Eastern Cape Province, the latter region represents the transition zone between the southern African subtropical and warm-temperate zoogeographical provinces. A few other species have been added if they represent juvenile material, or considered extensions of ranges (bathymetric or otherwise) of previously known species, or confirmation of a species previously recorded from a single locality in the region under consideration. Of the 16 species here treated, four are new to science, seven new to the fauna of South Africa, whereas the rest are either extension of ranges or additional records. The four new species are Psolidium multipes, P. acorbula, Ekkentropelma groovia and Psolidothuria yasmeena. The following six species are additions to the fauna of South Africa: Thyone avenusta Cherbonnier, 1970; T. comata Cherbonnier, 1988; Selenkiella paradoxa Cherbonnier, 1970; Ohshimella ocula (Cherbonnier, 1988); Plesiocolochirus tessellarus (Cherbonnier, 1970) and Staurothyone rosacea (Semper, 1869). Pseudocolochirus dispar (Lampert, 1889) is new to the fauna of southern Africa, recorded for the first time from Mozambique. The remaining species include Stolus pseudoalbescens Thandar, 2005; Sclerothyone velligera (Ludwig & Heding, 1935); Ohshimella ehrenbergii (Selenka, 1868); Pawsonellus africanus Thandar, 1986 and Trachasina crucifera (Semper, 1869).References
Bell, J.F. (1884) Echinodermata: Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. "Alert", 1881–1882. Collections from Malanesia, 117–177.
Bell, J.F. (1887) Studies in the Holothuroidea - VI. Descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 531–534.
Britten, M. (1910) Zoologische und anthropologische Ergebnisse einer Forschunggreise im westlichen und zentralen Südafrika ausgeführt in den Jahren 1903–1905. XIV. Echinodermata: A) Holothurioidea. Denkschrift Medicinisch — Naturfwissenschaftliche Gesellschaf zu Jena, 4(1), 239–243.
Cherbonnier, G. (1946) Sur une holothurien de Quoy et Gaimard, type d’ un nouveau genre : Plesiocolochirus n.g. Bulletin du Muséum, 2nd series, 18(3), 280–286.
Cherbonnier, G. (1952) Contribution à la connaissance des holothuries de l’ Afrique du Sud. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 33, 469–509.
Cherbonnier, G. (1953) Complément a l’ etude des holothuries de l’ Afrique du Sud. Bulletin du Muséum national d’ Histoire Naturelle, 2nd series 25, 594–598.
Cherbonnier, G. (1954) Complément a l’ etude des holothuries de l’ Africa du Sud. Bulletin du Muséum national d’ Histoire Naturelle, 2nd series 26, 117–123.
Cherbonnier, G. (1955) Les holothuries de la Mer Rouge. in Résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la "Calypso". I. Campagne en Mer Rouge (1951–1952). Annales de l’ Institut Ocèanographique de Monaco, nouvelle sèrie. 30, 129–183.
Cherbonnier, G. (1970) Nouvelles espéces d’ holothuries des côtes d’ Afrique du Sud et du Mozambique. Bulletin du Museum national d’ Histoire Naturelle, 2nd series 42, 280–299.
Cherbonnier, G. (1980) Holothuries de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bulletin du Museum national d’ Histoire Naturelle (4th series). 2(3), 615–667.
Cherbonnier, G. (1988) Faune de Madagascar. Publicé sous les auspices du Gouvernment de la République Malgache, 70, O.R.S.T.O.M, Paris, 292 pp.
Clark, A.M. (1977) The South African Museum’s ‘Meiring Naude’ cruises. Annals of the South African Museum, 73, 133–147.
Clark, A.M.& Rowe, F.W.E. (1971) Monograph of shallow- water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms. British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp.
Clark, H.L. (1921) The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: Its composition and its Origin. Papers of the Department of Marine Biology of Carnegie Institution of Washington, 10, 1–233.
Clark H.L. (1923) The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13, 221–435.
Clark, H.L. (1938) Echinoderms from Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 55(8), 1–596.
Day, J.H. (1974) The ecology of Morrumbene Estuary, Mozambique. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 41, 43–97.
Deichmann, E. (1944) On a new holothurian from South Africa. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, 11, 730–737.
Deichmann, E. (1948) The holothurian fauna of South Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum, 11, 325–376.
Ekman, S. (1918) Results of Dr. E. Mjöberg’ s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. XIX Holothurioidea. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 58(6): 1–70, 5 pls.
Gilchrist, J.D.F. (1920) Planktothuria diaphana gen. et sp. n. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 64, 373–382.
Hansen, B. (1975) Systematics and biology of the deep-sea holothurians. Galathea Report, 13, 5–262.
Heding, S.G. (1938) Cucumaria tetracentriophora sp. n., a new dendrochirote holothurian from South Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (11) 1, 631–634.
Heding, S.G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zooligica Museums, Hauniensis, 13, 7–209.
Helfer, C. (1913) Noch enige von Dr. Hartmeyer im Golf von Suez gesammelte Holothurien. Zoologische Anzeiger, 41(10), 433–439.
Hutton, P.W. (1878) Notes on some new Iceland Echinodermata, with descriptions of new species. Transactions of Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 11, 307.
John, D.D. (1939) Two South African holothurians with similar calcareous deposits. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, series 2, 4, 321–329.
Joshua, E.C & Creed, E (1915) South Australian Holothuroidea, with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 39, 16–24.
Kalk, M. (1958) Ecological studies on the shores of Mozambique. I. The fauna of intertidal rocks at Inhaca Island, Delagoa Bay. Annals of the Natal Museum. 14, 189–242.
Kalk, M. (1959) A general survey of some shores in northern Mozambique. Revista de Biologia, Lisbon, 2, 1–24.
Koehler, R. & Vaney, C. (1908) Holothuries recueillies par l’Investigator dans l’ Ocean Indien. II Les Holothuries littorales. Echinoderma of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 1–54.
Lampert, K. (1885) Die Seewalzen (Holothuroidea). In Semper, C.Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Wiesbaden, 4, 1–312.
Lampert, K. (1889) Die während der Expedition S.M.S. Gazelle 1874–1876 von Prof. Dr. Th. Studer gesammelten Holothurien. Zoologische Jahrbucher (Syst.) 4 (4), 806–858.
Liao, Y. & Clark, A.M. (1995) The echinoderms of southern China. Science Press, 422–613.
Ludwig, H. (1875) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeite aus dem zoologie zootom. Institut in Würzburg, 2, 77– 220.
Ludwig, H. (1882) List of the holothurians in the collection of the Leyden Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 4, 127–137.
Ludwig, H. (1887) Drei Mittheilungen über alte und neue Holothurienarten. Sitzungsberichte der Köninglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 2 (54), 1217–1244.
Ludwig, H.& Heding, S.G. (1935) Die Holothurien de Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1. Fußlose und dendrochirote Formen. Deutsche Tiefsee Expedition 1898–1899, 24, 3–214.
Macnae, W & Kalk, M. (1958) A natural history of Inhaca Island, Moçambique. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 163 pp.
Macnae, W & Kalk, M. (1962) The fauna and flora of sand flats at Inhaca Island, Moçambique. Journal of Animal Ecology, 31, 93–128.
Massin, C; Samyn, Y. & Thandar, A.S. (2004) The genus Labidodemas (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida) revisited, with description of three new species and with re-positioning of Holothuria (Irenothuria) maccullochi Deichmann, 1958. Journal of Natural History, 38, 1811–1847.
Materia, C.J., Monagle, J.F. & O’ Loughlin, P.M. (1991) Seasonal coelomic brooding in southern Australian cucumariids (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) Biology of Echinodermata (ed. Yanagisawa, T. et al.). Proceedings of the 7th International Echinoderm Conference, Atami/ September 1990, 301–307.
Ohshima, H. (1915) Report on the holothurians collected by the U.S.F. steamer ‘Albatross’ in N.W. Pacific during the summer of 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 48, 213–291.
O’ Loughlin, P.M. (1991) Brooding and fission in shallow water echinoderms of southern Australia. Biology of Echinodermata (ed. Yanagisawa, T. et al.). Proceedings of the 7th International Echinoderm Conference, Atami/ September 1990, 223–228.
O’ Loughlin, P.M. & Alcock, N. (2000) The New Zealand Cucumariidae (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 58 (1), 1–24.
Pallas, P.S. (1766) Actinia doliolum. Miscellanea Zoologica, Hagoee, 152–156.
Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher, 78, 404–470.
Panning, A. (1964) Bermerkungen Über die Holothurien-Familie Cucumariidae (Ordnung Dendrochirota). 3. Teil. Die Gattungen Stereoderma, Staurothyone und Trachythyone. Hamburg Zooogical Museum Insitute, 159–174.
Pawson, D.L. (1971) Ekkentropelma brychia n.g., n.sp., An antarctic psolid holothurian with a functionally lateral sole. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84, 113–118.
Pawson, D.L.& Miller, J.E. (1981) Western Atlantic sea cucumbers of the genus Thyone, with descriptions of two new species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94, 391–403.
Pawson, D.L. & Valentine, J.F. (1981) Psolidium prostratum, new species, from off the east coast of the U.S.A. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 94 (2), 450–454.
Pearson, J. (1903) Report on the Holothuroidea collected by Prof Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar, 1 (5), 181–208.
Pearson, J. (1910) Littoral Marine Fauna : Kerimba Archipelago, Portuguese East Africa. Holothuroidea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 7, 167–182.
Perrier, E. (1893) Description d’ une espéce nouvelle d’ Holothurie bilaterale Georisia ornata E. Perrier. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’ Académie des Sciences, Paris 116, 557–560.
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1833) Holothuries. Voyage de découvertes de l’ "Astrolabe". Zoologie, 4, 108–138.
Rajpal, V. & Thandar, A.S. (1998) Neocucumis kilburni sp.nov. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Cucumariidae) from the east coast of South Africa, with a key to the genus Neocucumis. South African Journal of Zoology, 33, 195–199.
Rajpal, V. & Thandar, A.S. (1999) Stolus kilberti, a new species from the east coast of South Africa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea:Dendrochirotida) with a key to the genus Stolus Selenka. South African Journal of Zoology, 34, 130–134.
Rowe, F.W.E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed), Zoological catalogue of Australia, Vol. 33, Melbourne, CSIRO Australia, xiii–510 pp.
Samyn, Y. & Thandar, A.S. (2003) Massinium, a new genus in the family Phyllophoridae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) with description of a new south-west Indian Ocean species M. maculosum. Belgian Journal of Zoology, 133, 137–144.
Selenka, E. (1868) Nachtrag zu den Beiträgen zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrifte für wissenschaftliche, Zoologie, 18, 109–118.
Semper, C. (1868) Holothurien. Reisen im Archipel der Philippen. Holothurien. 2. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Wiesbaden, Leipzig, 288 pp.
Semper, C. (1869) Die holothurien Ostafrikas. Baron Carl Claus von der Deckens reisen in Ost-Afrika, 3, 119–122.
Sluiter, C.Ph. (1901) Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, Leiden, 44, 142 pp.
Thandar, A.S. (1977) Descriptions of two new species of Holothuroidea from the east coast of South Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum, 23, 57–66.
Thandar, A. S. (1984) The Holothurian fauna of southern Africa, PhD thesis, University of Durban- Westville, Durban, 566 pp.
Thandar, A.S. (1985) A new southern African genus in the holothurian family Cucumariidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) with the recognition of two subspecies in Cucumaria frauenfeldi Ludwig. South African Journal of Zoology, 20, 109–114.
Thandar, A.S. (1986) A new genus and species of a dendrochirotid holothurian from southern Africa. Journal of Zoology, London, 210, 483–488.
Thandar, A.S. (1987a) The southern African stichopodid holothurians, with notes on the changes in spicule composition with age in the endemic Neostichopus grammatus (H.L. Clark). South African Journal of Zoology, 22, 278–286.
Thandar, A.S. (1987b) The status of some southern African nominal species of Cucumaria (s.e.) referable to a new genus and their ecological isolation. South African Journal of Zoology, 22, 287–296.
Thandar, A.S. (1989a) A new species of a phyllophorid holothurian from southern Africa. Journal of Zoology, London, 219, 637–644.
Thandar, A.S. (1989b) A study of two apodous holothurians from southern Africa. South African Journal of Zoology, 85, 451–454.
Thandar, A.S. (1989c) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera (Echinodermata : Holothuroidea). South African Journal of Zoology, 24, 290–304.
Thandar, A.S. (1990) The phyllophorid holothurians of southern Africa with the erection of a new genus. South African Journal of Zoology, 25, 207–223.
Thandar, A.S. (1991) The cucumariid holothurians of southern Africa with the erection of a new genus. South African Journal of Zoology, 26, 115–139.
Thandar, A.S. (1992) The South African Museum’ s ‘Meiring Naude’ Cruises. Part 18. Holothuroidea. Annals of the South African Museum, 101, 159–180.
Thandar, A.S. (1994) A new species of the holothurian genus Phyllophorus from South Africa with a key to the subgenus Phyllophorella. Journal of Zoology, London, 234, 341–351.
Thandar, A.S. (1996) Chiridota durbanensis new species and a new record of Neothyonidium arthroprocessum from the east coast of South Africa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). South African Journal of Zoology, 31, 208–214.
Thandar, A.S. (1998) A new genus and three new species of deep-sea holothuroids from the west coast of South Africa (Echinodermata). Journal of Zoology, London, 244, 79–88.
Thandar, A.S. (1999) Deep-sea holothuroids taken by the R.V. ‘Africana II’ in 1959, from off the west coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 105, 364–409.
Thandar, A.S. (2001) The holothuroid family Rhopalodinidae - its composition, distribution, phylogeny and taxonomic status. African Zoology, 36, 229–243.
Thandar, A.S. (2005) Two new species of Stolus Selenka (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae) from off the east coast of South Africa, with a revised key to the genus. African Zoology, 40 (1), 115–126.
Thandar, A.S. & Moodley, M.N. (2003) Two new genera and a new species in the holothurian family Cucumariidae (Echoinodermata: Holothuroidea). African Zoology, 38, 279–284.
Thandar, A.S & Rajpal, V. (1999) Thyone herberti, a new dendrochirotid species from the east coast of South Africa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Journal of Zoology, London, 248, 189–193.
Thandar, A.S & Rowe, F.W.E. (1989) A new species and new records of apodus holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from southern Africa. Zoologica Scripta, 18 (1), 145–155.
Thandar, A.S. & Samyn, Y. (2004) Taxonomy of the monotypic genus Koehleria Cherbonnier, 1988 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Cucumariidae). Zootaxa, 652, 1–11.
Théel, H. (1886a) Holothuroidea. Part 2. Reports of the scientific Results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. ‘Challenger’, (Zoology), 39, 1–290.
Théel, H. (1886b) Report on the Results of Dredging, under the Supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the gulf of Mexico (1877–78), in the Caribbean Sea (1879–80), and along the Eastern Coast of the United States during the Summer of 1880, by the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer ‘Blake’. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 13, 1–21.
Vaney, C. (1905) Holothuries recueillis par M.Ch. Gravier sur la côte française des Somalis. Bulletin du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris, 11, 186–191.
Vaney, C. (1908a) Les Holothuries recueillies par l’ Expédition Antarctiques Ecossaise. Zoologische Anzeiger, 33, 290–299.
Vaney, C. (1908b) Les Holothuries de l’ Expedition antarctique nationale Ecossaise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 46, 405–441.