Abstract
Two missing syntypes of the Japanese subterranean amphipod Procrangonyx japonicus (Uéno, 1930), the type species of Procrangonyx Schellenberg, 1934, were rediscovered in the collections of the Kyoto University Museum. The morphology of uropod 3, which has been considered the principal diagnostic character of the genus, is redescribed on the basis of one of the syntypes, and the nomenclatural history of the generic names Procrangonyx and Eocrangonyx Schellenberg, 1937 (corrected from 1936) for some Far-Eastern subterranean amphipod species is reviewed. Owing to confusion between the terms “type fixation” and “type designation”—the latter being just one means of accomplishing the former—the view that Procrangonyx is unavailable and invalid has prevailed in recent literature. Procrangonyx was indeed proposed after 1930 with no type species “designation”, but under Articles 67.2.1 and 68.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Eucrangonyx japonicus Uéno, 1930 was “fixed” as its type species by monotypy in the original publication. Since a diagnosis of the genus was also provided in the same work, Procrangonyx is available under Article 13.3 of the Code. However, because endopodal segmentation of uropod 3 proves to be variable in P. japonicus, doubt is thrown on the taxonomic distinctness of Procrangonyx vis à vis Pseudocrangonyx Akatsuka & Komai, 1922. Additionally, the publication dates of Allocrangonyx Schellenberg, 1937 and Niphargus foreli speziae Schellenberg, 1937 are corrected from 1936.
References
Akatsuka, K. & Komai, T. (1922) Pseudocrangonyx, a new genus of subterranean amphipods from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 10, 119–126.
Barnard, J.L. & Barnard, C.M. (1983) Freshwater Amphipoda of the World. II. Handbook and Bibliography. Hayfield Associations, Virginia, xix + 472 pp. [pp. 359–830]
Bate, C.S. (1859) On the genus Niphargus (Schiödte). Proceedings of the Dublin University Zoology & Botanical Association, 1, 237–240.
Bousfield, E.L. (1977) A new look at the systematics of gammaroidean amphipods of the world. Crustaceana Supplement, 4, 282–316.
Bousfield, E.L. (1983) An updated phyletic classification and palaeohistory of the Amphipoda. In: Schram, F.R. (Ed.), Crustacean Issues, Volume 1. Crustacean Phylogeny. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 257–277.
Chevreux, É. & Fage, L. (1925) Faune de France. 9. Amphipodes. Paul Lechevalier, Paris, xix, 488 pp.
Clark, P.F. (2018) Charles Spence Bate: what’s in a name? Zootaxa, 4497 (3), 429–438.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.3.7Holsinger, J.R. (1971) A new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Allocrangonyx (Gammaridae), with a redescription of the genus and remarks on its zoogeography. International Journal of Speleology, 3, 317–331.
https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.3.3.11
Holsinger, J.R. (1977) A review of the systematics of the Holarctic amphipod family Crangonyctidae. Crustaceana Supplement, 4, 244–281.
Holsinger, J.R. (1986) Holarctic crangonyctid amphipods. In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna Mundi. A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna Inhabiting Subterranean Waters (Including the Marine Interstitial). E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 535–549.
Holsinger, J.R. (1989) Allocrangonyctidae and Pseudocrangonyctidae, two new families of Holarctic subterranean amphipod crustaceans (Gammaridea), with comments on their phylogenetic and zoogeographic relationships. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 102, 947–959.
Horton, T., Gofas, S., Kroh, A., Poore, G.C.B., Read, G., Rosenberg, G., Stöhr, S., Bailly, N., Boury-Esnault, N., Brandão, S.N., Costello, M.J., Decock, W., Dekeyzer, S., Hernandez, F., Mees, J., Paulay, G., Vandepitte, L., Vanhoorne, B. & Vranken, S. (2017) Improving nomenclatural consistency: a decade of experience in the World Register of Marine Species. European Journal of Taxonomy, 389, 1–24.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2017.389
Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C.O., Corbari, L., Costello, M.J., Daneliya, M., Dauvin, J.-C., Fišer, C., Gasca, R., Grabowski, M., Guerra-García, J.M., Hendrycks, E., Hughes, L., Jaume, D., Jazdzewski, K., Kim, Y.-H., King, R., Krapp-Schickel, T., LeCroy, S., Lörz, A.-N., Mamos, T., Senna, A.R., Serejo, C., Sket, B., Souza-Filho, J.F., Tandberg, A.H., Thomas, J., Thurston, M., Vader, W., Väinölä, R., Vonk, R., White, K. & Zeidler, W. (2018a) World Amphipoda Database. Procrangonyx Schellenberg, 1934. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=550654 (accessed 2 October 2018)
Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C.O., Corbari, L., Costello, M.J., Daneliya, M., Dauvin, J.-C., Fišer, C., Gasca, R., Grabowski, M., Guerra-García, J.M., Hendrycks, E., Hughes, L., Jaume, D., Jazdzewski, K., Kim, Y.-H., King, R., Krapp-Schickel, T., LeCroy, S., Lörz, A.-N., Mamos, T., Senna, A.R., Serejo, C., Sket, B., Souza-Filho, J.F., Tandberg, A.H., Thomas, J., Thurston, M., Vader, W., Väinölä, R., Vonk, R., White, K. & Zeidler, W. (2018b) World Amphipoda Database. Eocrangonyx Schellenberg, 1936. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=876723 (accessed 2 October 2018)
Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C.O., Corbari, L., Costello, M.J., Daneliya, M., Dauvin, J.-C., Fišer, C., Gasca, R., Grabowski, M., Guerra-García, J.M., Hendrycks, E., Hughes, L., Jaume, D., Jazdzewski, K., Kim, Y.-H., King, R., Krapp-Schickel, T., LeCroy, S., Lörz, A.-N., Mamos, T., Senna, A.R., Serejo, C., Sket, B., Souza-Filho, J.F., Tandberg, A.H., Thomas, J., Thurston, M., Vader, W., Väinölä, R., Vonk, R., White, K. & Zeidler, W. (2018c) World Amphipoda Database. Allocrangonyx Schellenberg, 1936. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=488226 (accessed 2 October 2018)
Horton, T., Lowry, J., De Broyer, C., Bellan-Santini, D., Coleman, C.O., Corbari, L., Costello, M.J., Daneliya, M., Dauvin, J.-C., Fišer, C., Gasca, R., Grabowski, M., Guerra-García, J.M., Hendrycks, E., Hughes, L., Jaume, D., Jazdzewski, K., Kim, Y.-H., King, R., Krapp-Schickel, T., LeCroy, S., Lörz, A.-N., Mamos, T., Senna, A.R., Serejo, C., Sket, B., Souza-Filho, J.F., Tandberg, A.H., Thomas, J., Thurston, M., Vader, W., Väinölä, R., Vonk, R., White, K. & Zeidler, W. (2018d) World Amphipoda Database. Niphargus foreli speziae Schellenberg, 1936. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/amphipoda/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=873577 (accessed 2 October 2018)
Hou, Z.-E. & Li, S. (2003) A new subterranean amphipod of the genus Procrangonyx from Beijing, China. Crustaceana, 76, 1179–1188.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854003773123410
Hubricht, L. (1943) Studies in the Nearctic freshwater Amphipoda, III. Notes on the freshwater Amphipoda of eastern United States, with descriptions of ten new species. The American Midland Naturalist, 29, 683–712.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2421157
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1985) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 3rd Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xx + 338 pp.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.
Ishimaru, S.-i. (1994) A catalogue of gammaridean and ingolfiellidean Amphipoda recorded from the vicinity of Japan. Report of the Sado Marine Biological Station Niigata University, 24, 29–86.
Karaman, G.S. & Ruffo, S. (1986) Amphipoda: Niphargus-group (Niphargidae sensu Bousfield, 1982). In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna Mundi. A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna Inhabiting Subterranean Waters (Including the Marine Interstitial). E.J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 514–534.
Lowry, J.K. & Myers, A.A. (2013) A phylogeny and classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zootaxa, 3610 (1), 1–80.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3610.1.1
Mackin, J.G. (1935) Studies on the Crustacea of Oklahoma, III. Subterranean amphipods of the genera Niphargus and Boruta. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 54, 41–51.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3222446
Nakano, T. & Tomikawa, K. (2018) Reassessment of the groundwater amphipod Paramoera relicta synonymizes the genus Relictomoera with Paramoera (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pontogeneiidae). Zoological Science, 35, 459–467.
https://doi.org/10.2108/zs180058
Schellenberg, A. (1932) Bemerkungen über subterrane Amphipoden Großbritanniens. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 99, 49–58.
Schellenberg, A. (1934) Eine neue Amphipoden-Gattung aus einer belgischen Höhle, nebst Bemerkungen über die Gattung Crangonyx. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 106, 215–218.
Schellenberg, A. (1937a) Die Amphipodengattungen um Crangonyx, ihre Verbreitung und ihre Arten. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 22, 31–44.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19370220103
Schellenberg, A. (1937b) Bemerkungen zu meinem Niphargus-Schlüssel und zur Verbreitung und Variabilität der Arten, nebst Beschreibung neuer Niphargus-Formen. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 22, 1–30.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.19370220102
Sidorov, D.A. & Barabanschikov, E.I. (2010) Findings of stygobiotic and amphibiotic Peracarida (Amphipoda) in subsurface waters of the Samarga R. Basin (Northern Primorye) and some considerations about the taxonomic position of «Orchestia» solifuga Iwasa. Bulletin of the North-East Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences Far East Branch, 2010, 70–75.
Sidorov, D.[A.] & Holsinger, J.R. (2007) Procrangonyx stygoedincus, a new species of subterranean amphipod (Pseudocrangonyctidae) from the Far East of Russia, with remarks on biogeographic relationships. Crustaceana, 80, 417–430.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854007780440984
Smith, S.I. & Verrill, A.E. (1871) Notice of the Invertebrata dredged in Lake Superior in 1871, by the U. S. Lake Survey, under the direction of Gen. C. B. Comstock, S. I. Smith, naturalist. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Series 3, 2, 448–454.
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-2.12.448
Stebbing, T.R.R. (1899) Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum and other sources.—Part II. Transactions of the Linnean Society, Series 2 (Zoology), 7, 395–432.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1899.tb00202.x
Stoch, F. (1998) Revision of the Niphargus stygius - group in Venetia and Trentino (northeastern Italy), with description of three new species. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 22, 229–274.
Stock, J.H. & Jo, Y.W. (1990) Two Crangonyctidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from subterranean waters of the Far East. Stygologia, 5, 119–127.
Tomikawa, K. & Morino, H. (2012) An annotated inventory with a key of freshwater Amphipoda (Crustacea) from Japan. Taxa, Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 32, 39–51. [in Japanese with English abstract]
Tomikawa, K., Kobayashi, N., Kyono, M., Ishimaru, S.-i. & Grygier, M.J. (2014) Description of a new species of Sternomoera (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Pontogeneiidae) from Japan, with an analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the Japanese species based on the 28S rRNA gene. Zoological Science, 31, 475–490.
https://doi.org/10.2108/zs140026
Tomikawa, K. Kyoto, M., Kuribayashi, K. & Nakano, T. (2017) The enigmatic groundwater amphipod Awacaris kawasawai revisited: synonymisation of the genus Sternomoera, with molecular phylogenetic analyses of Awacaris and Sternomoera species (Crustacea : Amphipoda : Pontogeneiidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 31, 125–140.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16037
Tomikawa, K., Nakano, T., Sato, A., Onodera, Y. & Ohtaka, A. (2016) A molecular phylogeny of Pseudocrangonyx from Japan, including a new subterranean species (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 92, 187–202.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.92.10176
Tomikawa, K. & Shinoda, S. (2016) Redescription of a subterranean amphipod, Eocrangonyx japonicus (Peracarida, Amphipoda, Pseudocrangonyctidae) from Japan. Crustaceana, 89, 583–594.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003544
Uéno, M. (1930) A new subterranean amphipod from Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 13, 21–23.