Abstract
Cladocerans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Northern Eurasia traditionally belong to the most intensively studied groups of freshwater microcrustaceans. However, despite a significant progress in our knowledge of different aspects on their biology, some intriguing questions remain unresolved. The hypothesis of cladoceran faunas differentiation between the western and eastern parts of Northern Eurasia agrees with the continental endemism concept. But to date few cladoceran species groups have been investigated through the whole North Eurasian range. Our current work contributes to the confirmation of this hypothesis through a revision of the poorly studied Pleuroxus trigonellus species group. Based on material from Europe, we redescibed morphology of Pleuroxus trigonellus (O.F. Müller, 1776) s.str. and found that its distribution range is potentially restricted to the western portion of Northern Eurasia. At the same time, morphologically similar populations from the eastern portion of Eurasia belong to a new species, Pleuroxus yakutensis sp. nov. These two species are basically similar in general morphology of parthenogenetic and gamogenetic females, but have clear differences in the male morphology. Additionally we offer an identification key for discrimination of the P. trigonellus group from P. uncinatus (Baird, 1850) according to morphological features of the males.
References
Adamowicz, S.J. & Purvis, A. (2005) How many branchiopod crustacean species are there? Quantifying the components of underestimation. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 14, 455–468.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00164.x
Bekker, E.I., Karabanov, D.P., Galimov, Y.R. & Kotov, A.A. (2016) DNA barcoding reveals high cryptic diversity in the North Eurasian Moina species (Crustacea: Cladocera). PLoS ONE, 11 (8), e0161737.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161737
Bekker, E.I., Karabanov, D.P., Galimov, Y.R., Haag, C.R., Neretina, T.V. & Kotov, A.A. (2018) Phylogeography of Daphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera) in Northern Eurasia: Evidence for a deep longitudinal split between mitochondrial lineages. PLoS ONE, 13 (3), e0194045.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194045
Belyaeva, M. & Taylor, D.J. (2009) Cryptic species within the Chydorus sphaericus species complex (Crustacea: Cladocera) revealed by molecular markers and sexual stage morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 50, 534–546.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.11.007
Brehm, V. (1933) Die Cladoceren der Deutschen Limnologischen Sunda-Expedition. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 11 (4), 631–771.
Brehm, V. (1955) Süsswasserfauna und Tiergeographie. Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift, 6 (1/2), 250–269.
Chen, S.Z. (1991) On three new species of Chydorus from China (Crustacea: Diplostraca: Chydoridae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 16, 398–402.
Chiang, S.C. (1963) Description of two new species of Chinese freshwater Cladocera with notes on four new records. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 15, 255–262. [in Chinese, with English abstract]
Chiang, S.C. & Du, N.S. (1979) Freshwater Cladocera. Fauna Sinica. Crustacea. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Peking, 297 pp.
Darwin, C. (1882) On the dispersal of freshwater bivalves. Nature, 25, 529–530.
Du, N.-S. (1973) Cladocera of China. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Peking, 93 pp. [in Chinese]
Flössner, D. (1972) Krebstiere, Crustacea (Kiemen- und Blattfüßer, Branchiopoda, Fischläuse, Branchiura). In: Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Vol. 60. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, pp. 1–499.
Flössner, D. (2000) Die Haplopoda und Cladocera (ohne Bosminidae) Mitteleuropas. Backhuys, Leiden, 428 pp.
Forró, L. & Frey, D.G. (1982) Cladocera taxa described by E. Daday, together with a catalogue of pertinent material in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, 1, 91–132.
Forró, L., Korovchinsky, N.M., Kotov, A.A. & Petrusek, A. (2008) Global diversity of cladocerans (Cladocera; Crustacea) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 177–184.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9013-5
Frey, D.G. (1980) On the plurality of Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller) (Cladocera, Chydoridae) and designation of a neotype from Sjaelsø, Denmark. Hydrobiologia, 69, 83–123.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00016540
Frey, D.G. (1982) Questions concerning cosmopolitanism in Cladocera. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 93, 484–502.
Frey, D.G. (1986) Comparison of Chydorus faviformis from North America with honeycombed taxa from other continents (Cladocera, Chydoridae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 315, 353–402.
Frey, D.G. (1987) The taxonomy and biogeography of the Cladocera. Hydrobiologia, 145, 5–17.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4039-0_2
Frey, D.G. (1993) Subdivision of the genus Pleuroxus (Anomopoda, Chydoridae) into subgenera worldwide. Hydrobiologia, 262, 133–144.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010881
Hudec, I. (2010) Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Haplopoda, Onychopoda (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Fauna Slovenska III. VEDA, Bratislava, 496 pp.
Ishida, S. & Taylor, D.J. (2007) Quaternary diversification in a sexual Holarctic zooplankter, Daphnia galeata. Molecular Ecology, 16, 569–582.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03160.x
Jeong, H.G., Kotov, A.A. & Lee, W. (2013) A new species of the genus Pleuroxus Baird (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from Jeju Island, South Korea. Zootaxa, 3666 (1), 31–40.
http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3666.1.3
Ji, G.H., Xiang, X.F., Chen, S.Z., Yu, G.L., Kotov, A.A. & Dumont, H.J. (2015) Annotated Checklist of Chinese Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda). Part II. Order Anomopoda (families Macrothricidae, Eurycercidae and Chydoridae). Zootaxa, 4044 (2), 241–269.
http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4044.2.4
Klimovsky, A.I. & Kotov, A.A. (2015) Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) of Central Yakutia 3. Taxa from the Chydorus sphaericus s.l. species group (Anomopoda, Chydoridae). Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 94, 1257–1267.
Klimovsky, A.I., Sinev, A.Y., Bekker, E.I. & Kotov, А.А. (2015) Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) of Central Yakutia 2. Some representatives of the families Bosminidae, Eurycercidae and Chydoridae. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 94, 1009–1022.
Korovchinsky, N.M. (1997) On the history of studies on cladoceran taxonomy and morphology, with emphasis on early work and causes of insufficient knowledge of the diversity of the group. Hydrobiologia, 360, 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4964-8_1
Korovchinsky, N.M. (2000) Trends in Cladocera and Copepoda taxonomy. Arthropoda Selecta, 9 (3), 153–158.
Korovchinsky, N.M. (2013) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of South East Asia: history of exploration, taxon richness and notes on zoogeography. Journal of Limnology, 72 (Supplement 2), 109–124.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e7
Kotov, A.A. (2015) A critical review of the current taxonomy of the genus Daphnia O.F. Müller, 1785. Zootaxa, 3911 (2), 184–200.
http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3911.2.2
Kotov, A.A. (2016) Faunistic complexes of the Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) of Eastern Siberia and Far East of Russia. Biology Bulletin, 43, 970–987.
Kotov, A.A., Ishida, S. & Taylor, D.J. (2006) A new species in the Daphnia curvirostris (Crustacea: Cladocera) complex from the eastern Palearctic with molecular phylogenetic evidence for the independent origin of neckteeth. Journal of Plankton Research, 28, 1067–1079.
https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbl041
Kotov, A.A., Ishida, S. & Taylor, D.J. (2009) Revision of the genus Bosmina Baird, 1845 (Cladocera: Bosminidae), based on evidence from male morphological characters and molecular phylogenies. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 156, 1–56.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00475.x
Kotov, A.A., Jeong, H.J. & Lee, W. (2012) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of the south-east of the Korean Peninsula, with twenty new records for Korea. Zootaxa, 3368, 50–90.
Kotov, A.A., Karabanov, D.P., Bekker, E.I., Neterina, T.V. & Taylor, D.J. (2016) Phylogeography of the Chydorus sphaericus group (Cladocera: Chydoridae) in the Northern Palearctic. PLoS ONE, 11 (12), e0168711.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168711
Kotov, A.A. & Sinev, A.Y. (2011) Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) of the Zeya basin (Amurskaya Area, Russian Federation). 2. Descriptions of new taxa. Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 90, 272–284.
Kotov, A.A., Van Damme, K., Bekker, E.I., Siboualipha, S., Silva-Briano, M., Adabache Ortiz, A., Galván de la Rosa, R. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of Vientiane province and municipality, Laos. Journal of Limnology, 72 (Supplement 2), 81–108.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2013.s2.e6
Lampert, W. (2011) Daphnia: development of a model organism in ecology and evolution. Excellence in Ecology, 21, 1–250.
Lilljeborg, W. (1901) Cladocera Sueciae. Nova acta regiae societatis scientatis scientiarum upsaleinsis, Seriei Tertiae, 19, 1–701.
Margaritora, F.G. (1985) Cladocera. Fauna d'ltalia. Vol. 23. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 399 pp.
Millette, K.L., Xu, S., Witt, J.D.S. & Cristescu, M.E. (2011) Pleistocene-driven diversification in freshwater zooplankton: Genetic patterns of refugial isolation and postglacial recolonization in Leptodora kindtii (Crustacea, Cladocera). Limnology and Oceanography, 56, 1725–1736.
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.5.1725
Müller, O.F. (1776) Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae Indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium. typis Hallageriis, Havniae, 274 pp.
Müller, O.F. (1785) Entomostraca seu Insecta Testacea, quae in aquis Daniae et Norvegiae reperit, descripsit et iconibus illustravit. Symtibus Bibliopolii J.G. Mülleriani, Lipsiae et Havniae, Leipzig and Copenhagen, 135 pp.
Müller, P.E. (1867) Danmarks Cladocera. Naturhistorisk Tidskrift, Koebenhavn, 3 (5), 53–240.
Negrea, S. (1983) Cladocera. Fauna Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti. Crustacea, 4 (12), 1–399.
Popova, E.V., Petrusek, A., Kořínek, V., Mergeay, J., Bekker, E.I., Galimov, Y.R., Neretina, T.V., Taylor, D.J. & Kotov, A.A. (2016) Revision of the Old World Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) similis group (Cladocera: Daphniidae). Zootaxa, 4161 (1), 1–040.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4161.1.1
Remington, C.L. (1968) Suture-zones of hybrid interaction between recently joined biotas. Evolutionary Biology, 321–428.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8094-8_8
Røen, U.I. (1995) Gællefødder (Branchiopoda) Ferejer, Damrokker, Muslingeskalkrebs & Dafnier samt Karpelus (Branchiura). Danmarks Fauna, København, 85, 1–358.
Sacherová, V. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2003) The evolutionary history of the Chydoridae (Crustacea: Cladocera). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 629–643.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00216.x
Sars, G.O. (1861) Om de i Christiania's omegn forecommende ferskvandskredsdyr.—English edition of 1993: On the freshwater Crustacea occurring in the vicinity of Christiania. University of Bergen, Bergen, 197 pp.
Sinev, A.Y. (2016) Key for identification of Cladocera of the subfamily Aloninae (Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from South-East Asia. Zootaxa, 4200 (4), 451–486.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4200.4.1
Sinev, A.Y., Garibian, P.G. & Gu, Y. (2016) A new species of Pseudochydorus Fryer, 1968 (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from South-East Asia. Zootaxa, 4079 (1), 129–139.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4079.1.9
Sinev, A.Y. & Sanoamuang, L. (2013) Notes on Pleuroxus (Picripleuroxus) quasidenticulatus (Smirnov, 1996) (Cladocera: Anomopoda: Chydoridae) from South-East Asia and the East of Russia. Invertebrate Zoology, 10 (2), 269–280.
Smirnov, N.N. (1966) Pleuroxus (Chydoridae): morphology and taxonomy. Hydrobiologia, 28, 161–194.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037320
Smirnov, N.N. (1971) Chydoridae fauni mira. Fauna SSSR. Rakoobraznie, 1 (2), 1–531. [Chydoridae of the world fauna, in Russian]
Smirnov, N.N. (1996) Cladocera: the Chydorinae and Sayciinae (Chydoridae) of the world. Guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the world. Vol. 11. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 197 pp.
Smirnov, N.N. (2017) Physiology of the Cladocera. 2nd Edition. Academic Press, London etc., 418 pp.
Smirnov, N.N. & Sheveleva, N.G. (2010) Chydorus irinae sp. n. (Anomopoda, Chydoridae, Chydorinae) from the Tom’ River (the Amur basin, Russia). Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 89, 635–638.
Sousa, F.D.R., Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M.A. & Santos, S. (2016) New findings of Hexalona-branch representatives in Brazil, with a description of Prenda gen. nov. (Crustacea: Anomopoda: Aloninae). Journal of Natural History, 50, 2727–2768.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1208302
Sousa, F.D.R., Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M. & Panarelli, E.A. (2017) The amazing diversity of the genus Monospilus Sars, 1862 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Aloninae) in South America. Zootaxa, 4242, 467–492.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4242.3.3
Sousa, F.D.R. & Elmoor-Loureiro, L.M.A. (2018) Cladocera from the Upper Xingu River Basin with the description of a new genus of the Chydoridae (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anomopoda). Zootaxa, 4418 (6), 545–561.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4418.6.3
Šrámek-Hušek, R., Strašcraba, M. & Brtek, J. (1962) Lupenonožci-Branchiopoda. Fauna ČSSR, Praha, 16, 1–472.
Szeroczyńska, K. & Sarmaja-Korjonen, K. (2007) Atlas of subfossil Cladocera from Central and Northern Europe. Friends of the Lower Vistula Society, Świecie, 83 pp.
Uéno, M. (1937) Order Branchiopoda (Class Crustacea). Fauna Nipponica, Tokyo, 9 (1), 1–135. [in Japanese]
Xu, S., Hebert, P.D.N., Kotov, A.A. & Cristescu, M.E. (2009) The noncosmopolitanism paradigm of freshwater zooplankton: insights from the global phylogeography of the predatory cladoceran Polyphemus pediculus (Linnaeus, 1761) (Crustacea, Onychopoda). Molecular ecology, 18 (24), 5161–5179.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04422.x
Xu, L., Han, B.P., Van Damme, K., Vierstraete, A., Vanfleteren, J.R. & Dumont, H.J. (2011) Biogeography and evolution of the Holarctic zooplankton genus Leptodora (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Haplopoda). Journal of Biogeography, 38 (2), 359–370.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02409.x
Xu, Y.-Q., Chen, Y.-S., Lin, G., Rao, X.-Z. & Zhang, M.-F. (2001) New Discovery of Freshwater Cladocera from Fujian. Journal of Fujian Teachers University, Natural Science, 17 (2), 70–72.
Yoon, S.M. (2010) Arthropoda: Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata, Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, Haplopoda Branchiopods. Invertebrate fauna of Korea, 21 (2), 1–156.