Abstract
Here we propose a new monophyletic subfamily, the Chaetosciarinae, based on previous morphological cladistic and molecular phylogenetic studies. This new subfamily includes the genera Chaetosciara Frey, Mouffetina Frey, Schwenckfeldina Frey, and Scythropochroa Enderlein. We also provide a definition of the new subfamily Chaetosciarinae and describe common morphological key characters. Three Korean Chaetosciarinae species in three genera are reported, all of which are new to Korea and one (Scythropochroa pseudoquercicola sp. nov.) of which is new to science. A previous molecular phylogenetic study designated Scy. pseudoquercicola as an unidentified species. Our study provides examined species information for members of this new subfamily to accompany the GenBank accession numbers published by a previous molecular phylogenetic study. Furthermore, we present a multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis for the Chaetosciarinae.
References
De Meijere, J.C.H. (1935) Armyworms of the Netherland East-Indies (Dipt.). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 78, 184–185.
Frey, R. (1942) Entwurf einer neuen Klassifikation der Mückenfamilie Sciaridae (Lycoriidae). Notulae Entomologicae, 22, 5–44.
Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 9, 286–298.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research, 30, 3059–3066.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (2005) MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Nucleic Acids Research, 33, 511–518.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki198Menzel, F. & Mohrig, W. (1997) 2.6. Family Sciaridae. In: Papp, L. & Darvas, B. (Eds.), Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Vol. 2. Nematocera and Lower Brachycera. Science Herald, Budapest, pp. 51–69.
Menzel, F. & Mohrig, W. (2000) Revision der paläarktischen Trauermücken (Diptera, Sciaridae). [A Revision of the Palaearctic Black Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae)]. Studia dipterologica Supplement, 6 (1999), 1–761.
Menzel, F., Smith, J.E. & Chandler, P. (2006) The sciarid fauna of the British Isles (Diptera: Sciaridae), including descriptions of six new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 1–147.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00190.xMohrig, W. (2004) Die Trauermücken (Diptera: Sciaridae) von Papua-Neuguinea. Teil II—Gattungen Scythropochroa, Cratyna, Pseudozygomma, Epidapus, Hyperlasion, Corynoptera, Keilbachia, Scatopsciara, Pelliciplanta gen. nov. und Pseudozygomma gen. nov. Studia dipterologica, 11 (1), 129–174.
Mohrig, W. & Menzel, F. (2009) 16. Sciaridae (Black Fungus Gnats). In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E. & Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 1. NRC Research Press, Ottawa pp. 279–292.
Ševčík, J., Kaspřák, D., Mantič, M., Fitzgerald, S., Ševčíková, T., Tóthová, A. & Jaschhof, M. (2016) Molecular phylogeny of the megadiverse insect infraorder Bibionomorpha sensu lato (Diptera). PeerJ, 4, e2563.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2563Shin, S., Jung, S., Heller, K., Menzel, F., Hong, T.K., Shin, J.S., Lee, S.H., Lee, H. & Lee S. (2015) DNA barcoding of Bradysia (Diptera: Sciaridae) for detection of the immature stages on agricultural crops. Journal of Applied Entomology, 139, 638–645.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12198Shin, S., Jung, S., Menzel, F., Heller, K., Lee, H. & Lee, S. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Sciaridae) and the evolution of larval habitats. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 833–846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.008Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30, 1312–1313.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033Steffan, W.A. (1972) Oriental Sciaridae (Diptera). I. Redescription and review of species described by Edwards and Brunetti. Pacific Insects, 14, 589–605.
Sutou, M., Kato, T. & Ito, M. (2011) Recent discoveries of armyworms in Japan and their species identification using DNA barcoding. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11, 992–1001.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03040.xSutou, M. & Ito, M. (2004) Occurrence of the genus Scythropochroa (Insecta: Diptera: Sciaridae) in Japan, with descriptions of the female and larva. Species Diversity, 9, 375–381.
https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.9.375Tuomikoski, R. (1957) Beobachtungen über einige Sciariden (Dipt.), deren Larven in faulem Holz oder unter der Rinde abgestorbener Bäume leben. Annales Entomologica Fennica, 23 (1), 3–35.
Vilkamaa, P. (2003) Review of the genus Baeosciara Tuomikoski (Diptera: Sciaridae). Entomologica Fennica, 14, 220–226.
Vilkamaa, P. & Hippa, H. (2004) The genus Xenosciara gen. n. and the phylogeny of the Sciaridae (Diptera). Zootaxa, 699, 1–24.
Vilkamaa, P., Rudzinski, H.G., Burdíková, N. & Ševčík, J. (2018) Phylogenetic position of Aerumnosa Mohrig (Diptera, Sciaridae) as revealed by multigene analysis, with the description of four new Oriental species. Zootaxa, 4399 (2), 248–260.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4399.2.8