Abstract
The description of a new representative of the species-poor genus Condyloderes Higgins, 1969 from the Northeast Pacific (Alaska) is reported. The analyzed specimens of Condyloderes shirleyi sp. nov. showed a significant variation of numerous morphological characters, along with female-specific traits known also from other congeneric species. These findings stimulated the re-investigation of the type material of the six species of Condyloderes described so far, i.e., C. kurilensis Adrianov & Maiorova, 2016, C. megastigma Sørensen, Rho & Kim, 2010b, C. multispinosus (McIntyre, 1962) Higgins, 1969, C. paradoxus Higgins, 1969, C. setoensis Adrianov, Murakami & Shirayama, 2002, and C. storchi Higgins, 2004 in Martorelli & Higgins, 2004. Our study allowed to reveal various morphological novelties and to emend the diagnosis of these species and of the genus Condyloderes. Furthermore, our analysis led to synonymize C. megastigma with C. setoensis. The results of our investigation about the significant variation in C. shirleyi sp. nov. raise a wider question on species identity within Kinorhyncha, underscoring the necessity, if possible, to describe new species from a higher number of specimens and to concentrate on the morphological variation of the going-to-be-described species.
References
Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1994) Kinorhyncha: Structure, development, phylogeny and taxonomy. Nauka Publishing, Moscow, pp. 1–262. [in Russian]
Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V.V. (1999) Cephalorhyncha of the world ocean. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, pp. 1–328. [in Russian and English]
Adrianov, A.V. & Maiorova, A.S. (2016) Condyloderes kurilensis sp. nov. (Kinorhyncha; Cyclorhagida)—a new deep water species from the abyssal plain near the Kuril-Kamchatka trench. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 42, 11–19.
Adrianov, A.V. & Malakhov, V. V. (1999) Cephalorhyncha of the world ocean. KMK Press, Moscow, 328 pp.
Adrianov, A.V., Murakami, C. & Shirayama, Y. (2002) Taxonomic studies of the Kinorhyncha in Japan. II. Condyloderes setoensis, a new species (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Tanabe Bay (Honshu)—first representative of the genus in the Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, 205–216.
Bamber, R. (1997) Kinorhyncha. In: Howson, C.M. & Picton, B.E. (Eds), The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Ulster Museum and Marine Conservation Society, Belfast, pp. 64–66.
Bates, J.W. (1997) The slide-sealing compound “Glyceel”. Journal of Nematology, 29, 565–566.
Brown, R. (1985) Developmental and taxonomic studies of Sydney harbour Kinorhyncha. Ph.D. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, pp. 1–193.
Dal Zotto, M., Di Domenico, M., Garraffoni, A. & Sørensen, M.V. (2013) Franciscideres gen. nov. ¾ a new, highly aberrant kinorhynch genus from Brazil, with an analysis of its phylogenetic position. Systematic Biodiversity, 11, 303–321.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2013.819045
Dal Zotto, M. & Todaro, M.A. (2016) Kinorhyncha from Italy, a revision of the current checklist and an account of the recent investigations. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 90–107.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.01.004
Gray, P. (1954) The microtomist’s formulary and guide. Blakiston Company, New York, Toronto, 794 pp.
Herranz, M., Thormar, J., Benito, J., Sánchez, N. & Pardos, F. (2012) Meristoderes gen. nov., a new kinorhynch genus, with the description of two new species and their implications for echinoderid phylogeny (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 251, 161–179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2011.08.004
Higgins, R.P. (1964) A method for meiobenthic invertebrate collection. American Zoologist, 4, 291.
Higgins, R.P. (1969) Indian Ocean Kinorhyncha: 1. Condyloderes and Sphenoderes, new cyclorhagid genera. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 14, 1–13.
Higgins, R.P. (1971) A historical overview of kinorhynch research. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 76, 25–31.
Higgins, R.P. (1983) The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize II: Kinorhyncha. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 18, 1–131.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.01960768.18.1
Higgins, R.P. (1986) Kinorhyncha. In: Botosaneanu, L. (Ed.), Stygofauna mundi. A faunistic, distributional, and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters (including the marine interstitial). E.J. Brill & Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, pp. 110–118.
Higgins, R.P. (1988) 28. Kinorhyncha. In: Higgins, R.P. & Thiel, H. (Eds), Introduction to the study of meiofauna. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., pp. 328–331.
Higgins, R.P. & Rao, G.C. (1979) Kinorhynchs from the Andaman Islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 67, 75–85.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1979.tb01106.x
Huys, R., Herman, R.L. & Heip, C. (1986) Seasonal fluctuations in vertical distribution and breeding activity of a subtidal harpacticoid community in the Southern Bight, Nort Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 20, 375–383.
Huys, R. & Coomans, A. (1989) Echinoderes higginsi sp. n. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from the southern North Sea with a key to the genus Echinoderes Claparède. Zoologica Scripta, 18, 211–221.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1989.tb00446.x
Jeeva, C. & Mohan, P.M. (2016) A Report of Echinoderes setiger Greeff, 1869 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) in intertidal zone of Port Blair. Journal of the Andaman Science Association, 21, 250–256.
Kornicker, L.S. (1976) Removal of gelatinous coating from the surface of the carapace of Ostracoda in preparation for their examination with the scanning electron microscope. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 89, 365–368.
Martorelli, S. & Higgins, R.P. (2004) Kinorhyncha from the stomach of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888) from Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 243, 85–98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2004.07.003
McIntyre, A.D. (1962) The class Kinorhyncha (Echinoderida) in British waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 44, 503–509.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400054217
Moore, P.G. (1973) Campyloderes macquariae Johnston, 1938 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the northern hemisphere. Journal of Natural History, 7, 341–354.
Müller, G.W. (1894) 21. Monographie: Die Ostracoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. In: Zoologische Station zu Neapel (Ed.), Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Verlag von Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin, 404 pp.
Nebelsick, M. (1993) Introvert, mouth cone, and nervous system of Echinoderes capitatus (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) and implications for the phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha. Zoomorphology, 113, 211–232.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403313
Neuhaus, B. (1993) Postembryonic development of Pycnophyes kielensis and P. dentatus (Kinorhyncha) from the North Sea. Microfauna Marina, 8, 163–193.
Neuhaus, B. (1995) Postembryonic development of Paracentrophyes praedictus (Homalorhagida): Neoteny questionable among the Kinorhyncha. Zoologica Scripta, 24, 179–192.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1995.tb00398.x
Neuhaus, B. (2013) 5. Kinorhyncha (= Echinodera). In: Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology, Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera, Volume 1: Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 177–348.
Neuhaus, B. (2017) Redescription of Tubulideres seminoli Sørensen et al., 2007 and notes on Wollunquaderes majkenae Sørensen & Thormar, 2010 (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): Morphology, postembryonic development, life cycle, and new characters. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 270, 123–154.
Neuhaus, B. & Blasche, T. (2006) Fissuroderes, a new genus of Kinorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the deep sea and continental shelf of New Zealand and from the continental shelf of Costa Rica. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 245, 19–52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.03.003
Neuhaus, B. & Higgins, R.P. (2002) Ultrastructure, biology, and phylogenetic relationships of Kinorhyncha. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42, 619–632.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.619
Neuhaus, B., Higgins, R.P. & Paavo, B.L. (2010) Phylum Kinorhyncha: mud dragons. In: Gordon, D.P. (ed.), New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity Vol. 2, Chaetognatha, Ecdysozoa, Ichnofossils. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, pp. 468–471.
Neuhaus, B. & Kegel, A. (2015) Redescription of Cateria gerlachi (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from Sri Lanka and of C. styx from Brazil, with notes on C. gerlachi from India and C. styx from Chile, and the ground pattern of the genus. Zootaxa, 3965 (1), 1–77.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3965.1.1
Neuhaus, B., Pardos, F., Sørensen, M.V. & Higgins, R.P. (2013) Redescription, morphology, and biogeography of Centroderes spinosus (Reinhard, 1881) (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from Europe. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 54, 109–131.
Neuhaus, B., Pardos, F., Sørensen, M.V. & Higgins, R.P. (2014) New species of Centroderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, life cycle, and ground pattern of the genus. Zootaxa, 3901 (1), 1–69.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3901.1.1
Neuhaus, B., Schmid, T. & Riedel, J. (2017) Collection management and study of microscope slides: Storage, profiling, deterioration, restoration procedures, and general recommendations. Zootaxa, 4322 (1), 1–173.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4322.1.1
Neuhaus, B. & Sørensen, M.V. (2013) Populations of Campyloderes sp. (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida): One global species with significant morphological variation? Zoologischer Anzeiger, 252, 48–75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2012.03.002
Rao, G.C. (1998) Faunal diversity in India: Kinorhyncha. In: Alfred, J.R.B., Das, A.K. & Sanyal, A.K. (Eds), Faunal diversity in India. A commemorative volume in the 50th year of India’s independence. ENVIS Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 79–84.
Reinhard, W. (1881) Über Echinoderes und Desmoscolex der Umgebung von Odessa. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 4, 588–592.
Sánchez, N., Herranz, M., Benito, J. & Pardos, F. (2012) Kinorhyncha from the Iberian Peninsula: new data from the first intensive sampling campaigns. Zootaxa, 3402, 24–44.
Sánchez, N., Pardos, F. & Sørensen, M.V. (2014b) A new kinorhynch genus, Mixtophyes (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida), from the Guinea Basin deep-sea, with new data on the family Neocentrophyidae. Helgoland Marine Research, 68, 221–239.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10152-014-0383-6
Schmid, T., Jungnickel, R., Neuhaus, B., Riedel, J., Kneipp, J. & Lüter, C. (2016) Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the collection management of microscope slides. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 178–190.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.07.002
Shirley, T.C. (2009) Kinorhyncha of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D.L. & Camp, D.K. (Eds), Gulf of Mexico—origins, waters, and biota. Vol. 1: Biodiversity. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 1129–1132.
Sørensen, M.V. (2007) A new species of Antygomonas (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Atlantic coast of Florida, USA. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 48, 155–168.
Sørensen, M.V., Dal Zotto, M., Rho, H.S., Herranz, M., Sánchez, N., Pardos, F. & Yamasaki, H. (2015) Phylogeny of Kinorhyncha based on morphology and two molecular loci. PLoS ONE, 10, 7, e0133440, 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133440
Sørensen, M.V., Gąsiorowski, L., Randsø, p., Sánchez, N. & Neves, R.C. (2016) First report of kinorhynchs from Singapore, with the description of three new species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 64, 3–27.
Sørensen, M.V., Herranz, M., Rho, H.S., Min, W.-G., Yamasaki, H., Sánchez, N. & Pardos, F. (2012b) On the genus Dracoderes Higgins & Shirayama, 1990 (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) with a redescription of its type species, D. abei, and a description of a new species from Spain. Marine Biology Research, 8, 210–232.
Sørensen, M.V., Pardos, F. (2008): Kinorhynch systematics and biology—an introduction to the study of kinorhynchs, inclusive identification keys to the genera. Meiofauna Marina, 16, 21–73.
Sørensen, M.V., Pardos, F., Herranz, M. & Rho, H.S. (2010a) New data on the genus Paracentrophyes (Homalorhagida, Kinorhyncha), with the description of a new species from the West Pacific. The Open Zoology Journal, 3, 42–59.
Sørensen, M.V., Rho, H.S. & Kim, D. (2010b) A new species of Condyloderes (Cyclorhagida, Kinorhyncha) from Korea. Zoological Science, 27, 234–242.
Sørensen, M.V., Rho, H.S., Min, W.-G., Kim, D. & Chang, C.Y. (2012a) An exploration of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Korean and neighboring waters, with the description of four new species and a redescription of E. tchefouensis Lou, 1934. Zootaxa, 3368, 161–196.
Sørensen, M.V., Rho, H.S., Min, W.-G., Kim, D. & Chang, C.Y. (2013) Occurrence of the newly described kinorhynch genus Meristoderes (Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae) in Korea, with the description of four new species. Helgoland Marine Research, 67, 291–319.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-012-0323-2
Sørensen, M.V., Rohal, M. & Thistle, D. (2018) Deep-sea Echinoderidae (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Northwest Pacific. European Journal of Taxonomy, 456, 1–75.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.456
Venkataraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Choudhury, S., Mondal, T. & Raghuraman R. (2015) Lesser known marine animals. Mud dragon. Kinorhyncha. In: Venkataraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Choudhury, S., Mondal, T. & Raghuraman R. (Eds), National workshop on lesser known marine animals of India, 11th to 13th June 2015, at ZSI, Port Blair. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 3 pp.
Yamasaki, H. (2016) Ryuguderes iejimaensis, a new genus and species of Campyloderidae (Xenosomata: Cyclorhagida: Kinorhyncha) from a submarine cave in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 265, 69–79.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2016.02.003
Yamasaki, H. (2017) Chapter 21. Diversity of Kinorhyncha in Japan and phylogenetic relationships of the phylum. In: Motokawa, M. & Kajihara, H. (Eds), Species Diversity of Animals in Japan, Diversity and Commonality in Animals. Springer Press, Japan, pp. 543–563.
Yamasaki, H., Hiruta, S.F. & Kajihara, H. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of kinorhynchs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 67, 303–310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.016
Yamasaki, H. & Kajihara, H. (2012) A new brackish-water species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Species Diversity, 17, 109118.
https://doi.org/10.12782/sd.17.1.109
Yamasaki, H., Kajihara, H. & Mawatari, S. (2012) First report of kinorhynchs from Hokkaido, Japan, including a new species of Pycnophyes (Pycnophyidae: Homalorhagida). Zootaxa, 3425, 23–41.
Yamasaki, H., Neuhaus, B. & George, K.H. (2018) New species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from Mediterranean seamounts and from the deep-sea floor in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, including notes on two undescribed species. Zootaxa, 4387 (3), 541–566.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4387.3.8
Zeppilli, D., Leduc, D., Fontanier, C., Fontaneto, D., Fuchs, S., Gooday, A.J., Goineau, A., Ingels, J., Ivanenko,V.N., Kristensen, R.M., Neves, R.C., Sanchez, N., Sandulli, R., Sarrazin, J., Sørensen, M.V., Tasiemski, A., Vanreusel, A., Autret, M., Bourdonnay, L., Claireaux, M., Coquillé, V., De Wever, L., Rachel, D., Marchant, J., Toomey, L. & Fernandes, D. (2018) Characteristics of meiofauna in extreme marine ecosystems: a review. Marine Biodiversity, 48, 35–71.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0815-z