Abstract
Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869, has resulted in 27 of 36 species considered to be valid. Many species have been reassigned to genera in the poecilosclerid family Podospongiidae, in particular, and many have been transferred to other Latrunculiidae genera. Latrunculia apicalis var. biformis (Kirkpatrick 1908) and Latrunculia apicalis var. basilis (Kirkpatrick 1908) have been elevated to full and separate species status, as L. biformis Kirkpatrick and L. basilis Kirkpatrick. Two new species have been described, from New Caledonia (L. novaecaledoniae sp. nov.) and the northeastern Pacific (L. austini sp. nov.). This revision also formally recognizes the two morphological subgroups triverticillata and spinispiraefera hypothesized by Alvarez et al. (2002), as the new subgenera Latrunculia (Latrunculia) subgen. nov. and Latrunculia (Biannulata) subgen. nov.. The primary distinction between these two groups is the morphology of the anisodiscorhabd microscleres. The anisodiscorhabds of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) species have a basal whorl just above the manubrium in addition to two centralized whorls of projections. The anisodiscorhabds of Latrunculia (Biannulata) species lack this basal whorl. There is some indication that there are geographic and habitat differences between the two groups.
References
Alvarez, B., Bergquist P. R. & Battershill C. N. (2002) Taxonomic revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 36, 151ñ184.
Antunes, E. M., Beukes, D.R., Kelly, M., Samaai, T., Barrows, L. M., Marshall, K. M., Sincich, C and Davies-Coleman, M.T. (2004) Pyrroloiminoquinones from four South African latrunculid sponges. Journal of Natural Products, 67, 1268ñ1276.
Antunes, E. M., Copp, B. R., Davies-Coleman, M. and Samaai, T. (2005) Pyrroloiminoquinone and related metabolites from Marine sponges. Natural Products Report, 22, 62ñ72.
Bocage, J.V. Barboza du. (1869) Éponges siliceuses nouvelles de Portugal et de l'île de Saint-Iago (archipel du Cap-vert). Jornal de sciencias mathematicas, physicas e naturaes, 2, 159ñ162, pls XñXI.
Boury-Esnault, N and Beveren, M. (1982) Les Demosponges du plateua continental de Kerguelen-Heard. Comité National Français des Researches Antartiques, 52, 1ñ 176p., 21pls.
Bergquist, P.R. (1961) Demospongiae (Porifera) of the Chatham Islands and Chatham Rise, collected by the Chatham Islands 1954 Expedition. New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, No. 139(5), 169ñ206, fig 1ñ6). [New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 13).
Bergquist, P.R. (1968) The marine fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 1 (Tetractinomorpha and Lithistida). New Zealand department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 188 [New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir], 37, 105pp., 15 pls. (+ fsp. in colour).
Brondstead, h.v. (1924) Papers from Dr Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition, 1914ñ1916. Sponges from the Auckland and Campbell Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjøbenhavn, 75, 117ñ167.
Burton, M. (1929) Porifera. Part II. Antarctic sponges. National History Reports of the British Antarctic "Terra Nova" Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 6 (4), 393–458, pls. I– V.
Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery report, Vol. 11, pp. 237ñ392.
Burton, M. (1934a) Sponges. Scientific Report of the Great Barrier Reef, 4, 513ñ621 pls 1ñ2.
Burton, m. (1940) Las esponjas marinas del museo Argentino de ciencias naturales. Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturalles, 6, 95ñ121, 9 pls.
Carter, H.J. (1879) Contribution to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 3, 284ñ304, 343ñ360, pls 25ñ29.
Carter, H.J. (1881) Contribution to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 8, 101ñ112, 118ñ120, 241ñ259, pl. 9.
Dendy, A. (1917) The chessman spicule of the genus Latrunculia; a study in the origin of specific characters. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical club, vol XIII, 1ñ18.
Dendy, A. (1921) The tetraxonid sponge spicule: a study in evolution. Acta Zoologica, 1921, 95ñ152.
Dendy, A. (1922) Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H.M.S. Sealark in the
Indian Ocean. In: Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. Vol.7. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 18, 1ñ164, pls 1ñ18.
Dendy, A. (1924) Porifera: part 1. Non-Antartic sponges. Natural History Report. British Antartic "Terra Nova" Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 6(3), 269ñ392, 15 pls.
Hajdu, E. (1994) Macroevolutionary patterns within the demosponge order Poecilosclerida. An integrated approach to biogeography of the marine realm, with new data from the cosmopolitan demosponge genus Mycale. Ph.D thesis, University of Amsterdam. Centrale drukkerij, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornshwämme der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901ñ1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition 1901ñ1903, 15(Zool. 7), 35ñ141 pls 4ñ8.
Hiemstra, F & van Soest, R.W.M. (1991) Didiscus verdensis spec. nov. (Porifera: Halichondrida) from the Cape Verde Islands, with a revision and phylogenetic classification of the genus Didiscus. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 65 (4), 39ñ52, figs 1ñ5, pl. 1ñ2, table 1.
Hinde, G.J. & Holmes, W.M. (1892) On the sponge-remains in the lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society. Zoology, 24, 177ñ262.
Hooper. J. (1986) Revision of the marine sponge genus Axos Gray (Demospongiae: Axinellida) from Northwestern Australia. The Beagle, Occasional Papers Of the Northern Territory Museum Of Arts and Sciences, 3(1), 167ñ189 pl.1.
Hooper, J.N.A. (1996) Revision of the Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 40, 1ñ626.
Hooper, J.N.A and Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Porifera. In: Wells, A. (ed.) Zoological Catalog of Australia. volume 12. Melbourne, CSIRO Australia, xiii, 624 pp.
Kelly-Borges, M & Vacelet, J. (1995) A revision of Diacarnus Burton and Negombata de Laubenfels (Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from the west central Pacific and the Red sea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 38(2), 477ñ503.
Kelly, M. & Samaai, T. (2002) Suborder Latrunculina. In: Hooper, J. N. A., & R. W.M. Soest, Van (eds). Systema Porifera. Guide to the supraspecific classification of sponges and spongiomorphs (Porifera). Plenum, New York, pp. 707
Kelly, M. & Samaai, T. (2002) Family Podospongiidae. In: Hooper, J. N. A., & R. W. M. Soest, Van (eds). Systema Porifera. Guide to the supraspecific classification of sponges and spongiomorphs (Porifera). Plenum, New York, pp. 649ñ702
Kirkpatrick, R. (1902) Descriptions of South African sponges. Marine Investigation of South Africa, 1, 219ñ232.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1903a) Descriptions of South African sponges. Marine Investigation of South Africa, 2, 171ñ180.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1903b) Descriptions of South African sponges. Marine Investigation of South Africa, 3, 233ñ264.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida, Dendy. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901ñ1904 Natural History, 4(2), 1ñ56.
Koltun, V.M. (1964) Sponges of Antarctic, Part I. Tetraxononida and Cornacuspongida. Biological Reports of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1955ñ1958). Acedemy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Zoological Institute Vol 2, Pp. 6ñ116, 428ñ433, pls 1ñ15, Moscow.
Laubenfels, M. W., de. (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas in particular, and the west Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institute of Washington (Tortugas Laboratory Paper No. 467), 30, 1ñ225, 22 pls., 1 map.
Lévi, C. (1973) Systematique de la classe de Demospongiaria (Demospongiae). Pp. 577ñ631. In: Grassé. P.-P. (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie. Spongiares, 3(1), 577ñ631.
Lévi, C. (1964) Spongiares des Zones bathyale, abyssale et hadale. Galathea Report. Scientific results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950ñ52, 63ñ112, pls IIñXI.
Lévi, C. (1993) Porifera Demospongiae: Spongiaires bathyaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie, récoltés par le Jean Charcot Campagne BIOCAL, 1985. In Crosnier, A. (ed.) Résultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Volume 11. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 158, 9ñ88.
Miller, K., Alverez, B., Battershill, C.N.P. and Parthasarathy, H. (2001) Genetic, morphological and chemical divergence in the sponge genus Latrunculia (Porifera: Demospongiae). Marine Biology, 139, 235ñ250.
Samaai, T. & Kelly, M. (2002) Family Latrunculiidae. In: Hooper, J. N. A., & R. W. M. Soest, Van (eds). Systema Porifera. Guide to the supraspecific classification of sponges and spongiomorphs (Porifera). Plenum, New York, pp. 708ñ719.
Samaai, T. (2002) Systematics of the Family Latrunculiidae Topsent (Porifera: Demospongiae) and consideration of the diversity and biogeography of shallow-water sponges of western South Africa. Volume 2. Ph.D Thesis.. University of the Western Cape, unpublished.
Samaai, T. & Krasokhin, V. (2002) Latrunculia oparinae sp.nov. (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae) From The Kurile Islands, Sea of Okhotsk, Russia. Beaufortia, 52 (8), 95ñ101.
Samaai, T., Gibbons, M.J., Kelly, M & Davies-Coleman, M. (2003) South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Lévi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly. Zootaxa, 371, 1ñ26
Samaai, T. Govender, V and Kelly, M. (2004) Cyclacanthia n.g. (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida: Latrunculiidae incertea sedis), a new genus of marine sponges from South African waters, and description of two new species. Zootaxa, 725, 1ñ18.
Ridley, R. S and Dendy, O. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. 'Challenger.' Part II. Annals and Magazines of Natural History, series 5, 18, 119ñ121
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S.
‘Challenger’ during the years 1873ñ1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’, 1873ñ1776. Challenger Report Zoology, 20 (59), 1ñ453.
Stephens, J. (1915) Atlantic sponges collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal society of Edinburgh, Vol L 2(15), 423ñ467.
Tanita, S. (1959) Sponges. Biological results of the Japanese Antarctic researchexpedition, 1, 1ñ10.
Tanita, S. (1968) Sponge fauna of the Ariake Sea. Bulletin of the Seikai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 36, Pg. 53ñ54, Pl. 11, Fig. 11, text-Fig. 14.17.
Topsent, E. (1905) Spongiaires des Açores. Résultats Des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 25, 1ñ280, pls 1ñ18.
Topsent, E. (1922) Les mégasclères polytylote des Monaxonides er la parenté des Latrunculiines. Bulletin de l’Institut Océanographique, Monaco, 415, 1ñ8.
Topsent, E. (1928) Spongiaires de l'Atlantique et de la Méditeranée provenant de croisières du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Résultats Des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I, Monaco, 74, 376 pp., 11 pls.
Vacelet, J. (1969) Éponges de la Roche du Large et de l'étage bathyal de Méditerranée (récoltes de la Soucoupe plongeante Cousteau et gragages). Mémoires du Museum national d’Histoire Naturelle (A, Zoologie), 59(2), 145ñ219.
Urban, S., Hickford, S.J.H., Blunt, J.W. and Munro, M.H.G. (2000) Bioactive Marine Alkaloids. Current Organic Chemistry, 4(7), 779ñ821.
Uriz, M.J. (1988) Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope off Namibia (south-west Africa): Classes Hexactinellida and demospongia. Monografías de Zoología Marina, 3, 9ñ157.
Weerdt, W.H. De. (1986) Marine Shallow-water Haplosclerida (Porifera) from the South-Eastern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 225, 1ñ49.
Weerdt, W.H. De. (1989) Phylogeny and vicariance biogeography of north Atlantic Chalinidae (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae). Beaufortia, 39 (3), 55ñ87.
Wiedenmayer, F. (1994) Contributions to the knowledge of post-Palaeozoic neritic and archibenthal sponges (Porifera). The stratigraphic record, ecology, and global distribution of intermediate and higher taxa. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen, 116, 1ñ147.