Abstract
Canariella giustii sp. nov. is described and morphological data for C. pontelirae Hutterer, 1994, previously believed extinct, are added. C. giustii differs from all the other known species of the genus mainly by the broadened penis, with a lateral-proximal epiphallar opening and the extension of the two epiphallar folds in the penial cavity without merging in a penial papilla. Both species are endemic to Teno massif (Tenerife Island).
The range of the living population of C. pontelirae is very small, only of about 0.4 km2, and tourism has significant effect over the entire area. Thus, C. pontelirae is seriously threatened. It is recommended that the species be classified as “Critically Endangered”, that it be included in the Habitats Directive Annex II and IV of the European Union, and to increase the legal protection level of its relic distribution area to the category of "Site of Scientific Interest". Nine other endemic land snail species also live at that site (among them, C. giustii) and they would benefit from this new level of protection.
References
Alonso, M.R., Goodacre, S.L., Emerson, B.C., Ibáñez, M., Hutterer, R. & Groh, K. (in press) Canarian land snail diversity: conflict between anatomical and molecular data on the phylogenetic placement of five new species of Napaeus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Enidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.
Alonso, M.R., Henríquez, F. & Ibáñez, M. (1995) Revision of the species group Napaeus variatus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Buliminidae) from the Canary Islands, with description of five new species. Zoologica Scripta, 24, 303–320.
Alonso, M.R., Ibáñez, M. & Ponte-Lira, C.E. (2002) Canariella (Canariella) falkneri new species (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Hygromiidae) from La Gomera (Canary Islands). In: Falkner, M., Groh, K. & Speight, M.C.D. (Eds.), Collectanea Malacologica—Festschrift für Gerhard Falkner. Conchbooks, pp. 79–87.
Alonso, M.R., Ibáñez, M. & Ponte-Lira, C.E. (2003) Canariella (Salvinia), new subgenus, and three new species of Canariella Hesse, 1918 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae). The Veliger, 46, 69–76.
Alonso, M.R., Nogales, M. & Ibáñez, M. (2006) The use of the computer-assisted measurements utility. Journal of Conchology, 39, 41–48.
Alonso, M.R., Valido, M.J., Groh, K. & Ibáñez, M. (2000) Plutonia (Canarivitrina), new subgenus, from the Canary Islands, and the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Plutoniinae (Gastropoda: Limacoidea: Vitrinidae). Malacologia, 42, 39–62.
Commission of the European Communities (2002) Commission Decision of 28 December 2001 adopting the list of sites of Community importance for the Macaronesian biogeographical region, pursuant to Council Directive 92/43/EEC (notified under document number C(2001) 3998) (2002/11/EC). Available from http://www.legaltext.ee/text/en/T71165.htm (last accessed 2 June 2006).
Emerson, B.C. (2002) Evolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and process. Molecular Ecology, 11, 951–966.
Emerson, B.C. & Kolm, N. (2005) Species diversity can drive speciation. Nature, 434, 1015–1017.
Gittenberger, E. & Ripken, Th.E.J. (1985) Seven Late Miocene species of terrestrial gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, B 88, 397–406.
Groh, K., Ponte-Lira, C.E., Alonso, M.R. & Ibáñez, M. (1994) Revision of the genus Canariella P. Hesse 1918. Alvaradoa n. subgen., with description of one new species from El Hierro (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Hygromiidae). Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 123, 89–107.
Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., Paris, R. & Pérez-Torrado, J. (2004) Implications for the early shield-stage evolution of Tenerife from K/Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 599–614.
Hesse, P. (1918) Die Subfamilie Helicodontinae. Nachrichtenblatt der Deutschen malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 50, 99–120.
Hutterer, R. (1994) A new, possibly extinct species of Canariella from Tenerife, Canary Islands (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae). Vieraea, 23, 143–148.
Ibáñez, M., Alonso, M.R. & Ponte-Lira, C.E. (2002) A new subgenus and two new species of Canariella Hesse 1918 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae). American Malacological Bulletin, 17, 85–90.
Ibáñez, M., Ponte-Lira, C.E. & Alonso, M.R. (1995) El género Canariella Hesse, 1918, y su posición en la familia Hygromiidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicoidea). Malacologia, 36, 111–137.
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK., 23 pp.
Kerney, M.P. & Cameron, R.A.D. (1979) A field guide to the land snails of Britain and North-West Europe. William Collins Son & Co., Ltd., London, 288 pp.
Lamarck, J.B. de (1822) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, presentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent; precedée d'une Introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'Animal, sa distinction du vegetal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'Exposition des Principes fondamentaux de la Zoologie. J.B. Báilliére Libr., Paris, 6 (2), 232 pp.
Lowe, R.T. (1861) Diagnoses of new Canarian Land-Mollusca. The Annals and Magazine of natural History, Zoology, Botany and Geology, (3) 7 (38), 104–112.
Mabille, J. (1883) Diagnoses testarum novarum. Bulletin de la Société philomatique de Paris, (7) 7, 115–132.
Mousson, A. (1872) Révision de la faune malacologique des Canaries. Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, (3) 25 (1), I–V, 1–176 pp., pl. 1–6. Zürich.
Ortiz, J.E., Torres, T., Yanes, Y., Castillo, C., de la Nuez, J., Ibáñez, M. & Alonso, M.R. (2006) Climatic cycles inferred from the aminostratigraphy and aminochronology of Quaternary dunes and paleosols from the eastern islands of the Canary Archipelago. Journal of Quaternary Science, 21, 287–306.
Pfeffer, G. (1929) Zur Kenntnis tertiärer Landschnecken. Geologische und paläontologische Abhandlungen, Neue Folge, 17, 153–380, pls. 15–17.
Pfeiffer, L. (1861) Beschreibung neuer Heliceen. Malakozoologische Blätter, 7 [1860], 231–240.
Ponte-Lira, C.E, Alonso, M.R. & Ibáñez, M. (1997) Canariella (Simplicula) n. subgen. (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae), de las Islas Canarias. Bollettino Malacologico, 31, 221–230.
Shuttleworth, R.J. (1852a) Diagnosen einiger neuer Mollusken aus den Canarischen Inseln. Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, 241/242, 137–146.
Shuttleworth, R.J. (1852b) Diagnosen neuer Mollusken. Mittheilungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bern, 260/261, 289–304.
Soft Imaging System GmbH (2002) AnalySIS®. Available from http://www.soft-imaging.net (last accessed 2 June 2006).
Webb, P.B. & Berthelot, S. (1833) Synopsis molluscorum terrestrium et fluviatilium quas in itineribus per insulas Canarias, observarunt. Annales des Sciences naturelles, 28, 307–326; Paris.
Wollaston, T.V. (1878) Testacea Atlantica or the land and freshwater shells of the Azores, Madeiras, Salvages, Canaries, Cape Verdes and Saint Helena. L. Reeve, London, xi + 588 pp.
Wenz, W. (1924) Über zwei fossile Helicodontinae: Canariella disciformis (Wenz) und Caracollina noerdlingensis n. sp. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 56, 13–17.
Zilch, A. (1960) Gastropoda, Euthyneura. In: Wenz, W. (Edit.), Handbuch der Paläozoologie. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, 6 (4), 601–835, fig. 2112–2515, I–XII.