Abstract
Ectinogonia Spinola 1837 is composed of 22 species to date, but its taxonomic history has been complex and is still unresolved. The species of the Santiagan Province of Central Chile are particularly complex because they show important morphological variability and overlapping traits, making species identification and delimitation difficult. The main goal of the present study is to show the phylogenetic relationships among species of Ectinogonia of the Santiagan province and discuss the taxonomic and systematic implications of our findings. Phylogeny reconstructions as well as a haplotype network disclosed four groups, partially inconsistent with the traditional taxonomy. Actually, the two Ectinogonia speciosa subspecies (E. speciosa speciosa (Germain 1856) and E. speciosa oscuripennis Cobos 1954) belong to two distinct clades, which are not reciprocally monophyletic, meaning that Ectinogonia speciosa is polyphyletic. On the other hand, the two other clades each contain, two nominal species (E. buquetii (Spinola 1837) and E. vidali Moore & Guerrero 2017, and E. isamarae Moore 1994 and E. speciosa oscuripennis Cobos 1954) without reciprocal haplotype sorting. These results suggest that: (1) E. speciosa oscuripennis should be raised to species level and (2) the following new synonymies are proposed: E. isamarae Moore 1994 is synonymised with E. oscuripennis Cobos 1954 and E. vidali Moore & Guerrero 2017 is synonymised with E. buquetii (Spinola 1837).
References
Alfaro, F.M., Muñoz-Ramírez, C.P., Zúñiga-Reinoso, Á., Trewick, S.A. & Méndez, M.A. (2018) Phylogeography of the Chilean red cricket Cratomelus armatus (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae) reveals high cryptic diversity in central Chile. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 123 (4), 712–727.
https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/bly019
Anguita-Salinas, S., Barahona-Segovia, R.M., Poulin, E. & Zuniga-Reinoso, A. (2017) Genetic and morphological evidence for a new cryptic species of Ectinogonia (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from central Chile. Zootaxa, 4303 (2), 284–292.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.2.8
Bellamy, C.L. (2006) The Systematic Position of Certain South American Buprestid Genera (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 60 (2), 192–196.
https://doi.org/10.1649/909.1
Cianferoni, F., Yáñez, R.P., Palma, R.E., Garin, C.F., Torres-Pérez, F. (2013) Deep divergences within Liolaemus nigroviridis (Squamata, Liolaemidae) lineages associated with sky islands in central Chile. Zootaxa, 3619 (1), 59–69.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3619.1.3
Cobos, A. (1954) Revisión de las Ectinogonia Spinola sensu strictus Coleoptera, Buprestidae. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 3 (1953), 41–68.
Cognato, A.I. & Vogler, A.P. (2001) Exploring data interaction and nucleotide alignment in a multiple gene analysis of Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). Systematic Biology, 50 (6), 758–780.https://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462803
Elgueta, M. (1988) Insectos epígeos de ambientes altomontanos en Chile Central: algunas consideraciones biogeográficas con especial referencia a Tenebrionidae y Curculionidae (Coleoptera). Boletín Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile, 41, 125–144.
Fuentes, E.R. & Jaksic, F.M. (1979) Lizards and Rodents-Explanation for their relative species-diversity in Chile. Archivos de Biología y Medicina Experimentales, 12 (1), 179–189.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids, Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Han, T., Kang, T., Jeong, J., Lee, Y., Chung, H., Park, S., Lee, S., Kim, K. & Park, H. (2012) Pseudocryptic speciation of Chrysochroa fulgidissima (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) with two new species from Korea, China and Vietnam. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 164, 71–98.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00763.x
Hebert, P.D., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & Dewaard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270 (1512), 313–321.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Hebert, P.D., Ratnasingham, S. & de Waard, J.R. (2003b) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270 (Supplement 1), 96–99. [S96–S99]
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0025
Huelsenbeck, J. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Jowett, T. (1986) Preparation of nucleic acids. In: Roberts, D.B. (Ed.), Drosophila: a practical approach. IRL Press, Oxford, pp. 275–286.
https://doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020080108
Knowles, L.L. (2000) Tests of Pleistocene speciation in montane grasshoppers (genus Melanoplus) from the sky islands of western North America. Evolution, 54 (4), 1337–1348.
https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[1337:topsim]2.0.co;2
Leigh, J.W. & Bryant, D. (2015) popart: full‐feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6 (9), 1110–1116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12410
Luebert, F. & Pliscoff, P. (2006) Sinopsis bioclimática y vegetacional de Chile. 1a Edición. Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, 316 pp.
https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-34022008000200008
Moore, T. (1994) Revisión del género Ectinogonia Spinola para Chile (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Boletín de la Sociedad de Biología de Concepción, 65, 153–166.
Moore, T. & Diéguez, V.M. (2014) A contribution to the knowledge of the Neotropical Buprestidae: description of a new species of Ectinogonia spinola (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae: Dicercini). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 68 (1), 47–49.
https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-68.1.47
Moore, T. & Vidal, P. (2015) Análisis de las Especies Chilenas. In: Moore, T. & Vidal, P. (Eds.), Los Bupréstidos de Chile. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, pp. 27–337.
Moore, T. (2017) Ectinogonia barrigai nov. sp.: primera especie de bupréstido del Monumento Natural Paposo Norte, Región de Antofagasta, Chile (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Revista Chilena de Entomología, 42, 5–10.
Moore, T. & Guerrero, M. (2017) Nueva especie del género Ectinogonia Spinola (Buprestidae: Dicercini) de la Cordillera de los Andes de Chile Central. Revista Chilena de Entomología, 43, 5–10.
Morrone, J.J. (2015a) Biogeographical regionalisation of the Andean region. Zootaxa, 3936 (2), 207–236.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3936.2.3
Morrone, J.J. (2015b) Track analysis beyond panbiogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 42 (3), 413–425.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12467
Morrone, J.J. (2018) Evolutionary Biogeography of the Andean Region. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 280 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429486081
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., Da Fonseca, G.A. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403 (6772), 853–858.
https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Palma, R.E., Gutiérrez-Tapia, P., González, J.F., Boric-Bargetto, D. & Torres-Pérez, F. (2017) Mountaintops phylogeography: A case study using small mammals from the Andes and the coast of central Chile. PLoS ONE, 12, e0180231.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186031
Pons, J., Barraclough, T.G., Gomez-Zurita, J., Cardoso, A., Duran, D.P., Hazell, S., Kamoun, S., Sumlin, W. D. & Vogler, A.P. (2006) Sequence-based species delimitation for the DNA taxonomy of undescribed insects. Systematic Biology, 55 (4), 595–609.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150600852011
Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree. Version 1.4. 2 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University Edinburgh. [software]
Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. & Flook, P. (1994) Evolution, weighting, and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the entomological Society of America, 87 (6), 651–701.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/87.6.651
Solier, A.J. (1849) Orden III. Coleopteros. In: Gay, C. (Ed.), Historia física y política de Chile. Vol. 4. Zoología. Maulde & Renou, Paris, pp. 105–511.
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22 (22), 4673–4680.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673
Villagrán, C., Hinojosa, L.F., Llorente-Bousquets, J. & Morrone, J.J. (2005) Esquema biogeográfico de Chile. In: Regionalización Biogeográfica en Iberoamérica y Tópicos Afines: Primeras Jornadas Biogeográficas de la Red Iberoamericana de Biogeografía y Entomología Sistemática. Las Prensas de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico City, pp. 551–557.
Wild, A.L. & Maddison, D.R. (2008) Evaluating nuclear protein-coding genes for phylogenetic utility in beetles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48 (3), 877–891.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.023
Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P. & Stamatakis, A. (2013). A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics, 29 (22), 2869–2876.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt499
Zehner, R., Amendt, J., Schütt, S., Sauer, J., Krettek, R. & Povolný, D. (2004) Genetic identification of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). International Journal of Legal Medicine, 118 (4), 245–247.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-004-0445-4
Zúñiga-Reinoso, A. & Méndez, M.A. (2018) Hidden and cryptic species reflect parallel and correlated evolution in the phylogeny of the genus Callyntra (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Central Chile. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution, 127, 405–415.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.022
Zúñiga-Reinoso, A, Pinto, P. & Collado, G.A. (2018) No more machismo in Callyntra (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Callyntra femina, a new species discovered based on female genitalia and genetic evidence. Zootaxa, 4461 (3), 429–437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.022