Abstract
A pre-phylogenetic revision of the family Phalacridae at the genus level is presented. Twenty-eight new generic synonymies are established as follows: Acylomus Sharp 1888 (=Liophalacrus Sharp 1888, syn. nov.; Ganyrus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.; Podocesus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.; Tinodemus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.; Ledorus Guillebeau 1895, syn. nov.; Astenulus Guillebeau 1896, syn. nov.; Afronyrus Švec 2006, syn. nov.), Apallodes Reitter 1873 (=Litolibrus Sharp 1889, syn. nov.; Sphaeropsis Guillebeau 1893, syn. nov.; Gyromorphus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.), Augasmus Motschulsky 1858 (=Megischius Guillebeau 1896, syn. nov.; Nematolibrus Sahlberg 1913, syn. nov.), Entomocnemus Guillebeau 1894 (=Stilbomimus Champion 1924, syn. nov.), Grouvelleus Guillebeau 1892 (=Ochrolitoides Champion 1924, syn. nov.; Litotarsus Champion 1925, syn. nov.), Litochrus Erichson 1845 (=Merobrachys Guillebeau 1895, syn. nov.), Litostilbus Guillebeau 1894 (=Pseudolitochrus Liubarsky 1993, syn. nov.), Ochrolitus Sharp 1889 (=Gorginus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.), Olibroporus Casey 1890 (=Parasemus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.), Olibrosoma Tournier 1889 (=Lichrotus Lyubarsky 1993, syn. nov.), Phaenocephalus Wollaston 1873 (=Phalacratomus Scott 1922, syn. nov.; Heterostilbus Champion 1924, syn. nov.), Phalacrinus Blackburn 1891 (=Sphaerostilbus Champion 1924, syn. nov.), Pseudolibrus Flach 1889 (=Biophytus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.; Polyaloxus Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.), Pycinus Guillebeau 1893 (=Ochrodemus Guillebeau 1893, syn. nov.; Radinus Guillebeau 1893, syn. nov.; Euphalacrus Champion 1925, syn. nov.). Ten new genera and seven new species are described: Antennogasmus, gen. nov. (type species: A. cordatus, sp. nov.), Austroporus, gen. nov. (type species: A. victoriensis (Blackburn)), Malagasmus Gimmel, gen. nov. (type species: M. thalesi, sp. nov.), Malagophytus, gen. nov. (type species: M. steineri, sp. nov.), Neolitochrus, gen. nov. (type species: N. pulchellus (LeConte)), Paracylomus, gen. nov. (type species: P. asiaticus (Champion)), Platyphalacrus, gen. nov. (type species: P. lawrencei, sp. nov.), Ranomafanacrinus, gen. nov. (type species: R. nigrinus, sp. nov.), Steinerlitrus, gen. nov. (type species: S. warreni, sp. nov.), Sveculus, gen. nov. (type species: S. lewisi, sp. nov.). Generic reassignments resulted in 194 new combinations. Nine new names have been established for junior primary and secondary homonyms: Acylomus bicoloratus nom. nov. for Tinodemus bicolor Švec 2002; Acylomus lyubarskyi nom. nov. for Olibrus capriviensis Lyubarsky 1998; Acylomus sveci nom. nov. for Tinodemus reticulatus Švec 2002; Acylomus orientalis nom. nov. for Stilbus similis Švec 1992; Acylomus zdeneki nom. nov. for Afronyrus snizeki Švec 2006; Apallodes championi nom. nov. for Litolibrus ocellatus Champion 1925; Olibrus peringueyi nom. nov. for Olibrus consanguineus Péringuey 1892; Augasmus exquisitus nom. nov. for Litochrus pulchellus Blackburn 1895; Litochrus pronotalis nom. nov. for Augasmus bimaculatus Lyubarsky 1996. A type species is designated for Phalacrinus Blackburn 1891 (P. australis Blackburn 1891). Six new species-group synonymies are established: Acylomus ergoti Casey 1890 (=Tinodemus grouvellei Guillebeau 1894, syn. nov.), Acylomus curvolineatus (Champion 1924) (=Tinodemus meridianus (Švec 1992), syn. nov.; Olibrus stuporatus Lyubarsky 1994, syn. nov.), Xanthocomus attenuatus (Casey, 1890) (=Xanthocomus concinnus (Casey, 1916), syn. nov.; Stilbus thoracicus Casey, 1916, syn. nov.; Stilbus quadrisetosus Casey, 1916, syn. nov.). One name, Olibrus sternalis Casey 1916, is resurrected from synonymy. Lectotypes are designated for 23 nominal species. One genus and two species are excluded from Phalacridae: Sternosternus Guillebeau 1894 (with its type and only species, S. grouvelleiGuillebeau 1894) and Parasemus parvopallidus Lea 1932, both of which belong in Hydrophilidae. All 34 resulting genera in the family Phalacridae are keyed, described, and illustrated. A phylogenetic hypothesis based on analysis of a matrix of 98 morphological characters was created using parsimony. Results of these analyses were not robust enough at deep levels to create a new subfamilial or tribal classification, but nine genus-groups have been hypothesized.
References
Agarwal, R.A. (1956) Phalacrus immarginatus Champ.—a beetle feeding on sugarcane smut. Indian Journal of Entomology, 18, 267–272.
d’Aguilar, J. (1944) Contribution à l’étude des Phalacridae: note sur Phalacrus caricis Sturm. Annales des Épiphyties et de Phytogénétique (New Series), 10, 85–91.
Blackburn, T. (1891) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (IX). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 14, 65–153.
Blackburn, T. (1892) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (XI). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 15, 20–73.
Blackburn, T. (1893) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (XIV). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 17, 294–315.
Blackburn, T. (1895) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (XVIII). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 19, 201–258.
Blackburn, T. (1899) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (XXV). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 23, 22–101.
Blackburn, T. (1902) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (XXXI). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 26, 288–321.
Blackburn, T. (1903) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new genera and species (XXXII). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 27, 91–182.
Boheman, C.H. (1858) Coleoptera. Species novas descripsit. In: Virgin, C.A. (ed.), Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. Zoologi. 1. Insecta. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, pp. 1–112.
Böving, A.G. & Craighead, F.C. (1931) An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Entomologica Americana (N.S.), 11[“1930”], 1–351.
Bowler, P.A., Trujillo, E.E. & Beardsley, J.W., Jr. (1977) Insect feeding on sugarcane smut in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 22, 451–456.
Brèthes, J. (1922) Descripción de varios Coleópteros de Buenos Aires. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina, 44, 263–305.
Casey, T.L. (1889–1890) Coleopterological Notices I. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 5, 39–198. [NOTE: pp. 39–96: 1889; pp. 97–198: 1890]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1890.tb57003.x
Casey, T.L. (1916) Phalacridae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, 7, 35–86.
Champion, G.C. (1924a) Note on Phalacrus brisouti Rye. The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 60, 138.
Champion, G.C. (1924b) Some Indian Coleoptera (14). The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 60, 159–172.
Champion, G.C. (1924c) Some Indian Coleoptera (15). The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 60, 234–247.
Champion, G.C. (1925a) Studies in Phalacridae (I).—S. and E. African forms [Coleoptera]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9), 15, 35–53.
Champion, G.C. (1925b) Studies in Phalacridae (II).—Asiatic and tropical American forms [Coleoptera]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9), 16, 601–621.
Cmoluch, Z. (1997) Chrząszcze—Coleoptera. Phalacridae. Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne -Klucze do Oznaczania Owadów Polski, 152, 1–32.
Crowson, R.A. (1955) The Natural Classification of the Families of Coleoptera. Nathaniel Lloyd & Co., London, 187 pp.
Damoiseau, R. (1968) Liste du matériel typique conservé dans les collections entomologiques de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique. Coleoptera—12-29—Helodidae, Dascillidae, Eucinetidae, Ptilodactylidae, Eurypogonidae, Homalisidae, Drilidae, Chaetosomatidae, Phloeophilidae, Trogositidae, Cleridae, Melyridae, Lymexylidae, Helotidae, Biphyllidae, Phalacridae, Endomychidae, Mycetophagidae. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 44(21), 1–38.
Emden, F. van (1928) Die Larve von Phalacrus grossus Er. und Bemerkungen zum Larvensystem der Clavicornia. Entomologische Blätter für Biologie und Systematik der Käfer, 24, 8–20.
Erichson, W.F. (1845) Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Erste Abtheilung. Coleoptera. Dritter Band. Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin, 320 pp.
Ericson, L., Burdon, J.J. & Wennström, A. (1993) Inter-specific host hybrids and phalacrid beetles implicated in the local survival of smut pathogens. Oikos, 68, 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3544907
Evenhuis, N.L. (2011) Abbreviations for insect and spider collections of the world. Available from http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-inst.html (accessed 19 December 2011)
Flach, K. (1889a) Pseudolibrus nov. gen. Phalacridarum. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1889, 269–270.
Flach, K. (1889b) Japanische Phalacriden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1889, 271–272.
Förster, B. (1891) Die Insekten des “Plattigen Steinmergels” von Brunstatt. Abhandlungen zur Geologischen Specialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen, 3, 335–593.
Freese, A. & Günther, W. (1991) Olibrus aeneus Fab. (Col., Phalacridae), a species associated with Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Wagenitz and other Anthemideae (Asteraceae) and its potential for biological control. Journal of Applied Entomology, 111, 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1991.tb00352.x
Friederichs, K. (1908) Über Phalacrus corruscus als Feind der Brandpilze des Getreides und seine Entwicklung in brandigen Ähren. Arbeiten aus der Kaiserlichen Biologischen Anstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin, 6, 38–52.
Ganglbauer, L. (1899) Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa. Die Käfer der Österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie, Deutschlands, der Schweiz, Sowie des Französischen und Italienischen Alpengebietes. Dritter Band. Carl Gerold‘s Sohn, Wien, iii + 1046 pp.
Gimmel, M.L. (2009) Family Phalacridae. The shining mold beetles. In: J. Gerlach (ed.), The Coleoptera of the Seychelles Islands. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, pp. 106–108.
Gimmel, M.L. (2011) Review of the species described in Leptostilbus Casey in North America (Coleoptera: Phalacridae: Xanthocomus Guillebeau). Insecta Mundi, 0188, 1–8.
Gimmel, M.L., Leschen, R.A.B. & Ślipiński, S.A. (2009) Review of the New Zealand endemic family Cyclaxyridae, new family (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 49, 511–528.
Gistel, J. (1856) Die Mysterien der europäischen Insectenwelt. Ein geheimer Schlüssel für Sammler aller Insecten-Ordnungen und Stände, behufs des Fangs, des Aufenthalts-Orts, der Wohnung, Tag- und Jahreszeit u. s. w., oder autoptische Darstellung des Insectenstaats in seinem Zusammenhange zum Bestehen des Naturhaushaltes überhaupt und insbesondere in seinem Einflusse auf die phanerogamische und cryptogamische Pflanzenbevölkerung Europa’s. Zum ersten Male nach fünfundzwanzigjährigen eigenen Erfahrungen zusammengestellt und herausgegeben. Tobias Dannheimer, Kempten. xii + 530 + 2 pp.
Goloboff, P. (1999) NONA version 2.0. Published by the author, Tucumán, Argentina.
Guillebeau, F. (1892a) Description d’un Phalacrus nouveau. L’Échange, Revue Linnéenne, 8(85), 20.
Guillebeau, F. (1892b) Revision des Phalacrides de la fauna paléarctique. Revue d’Entomologie, 11, 141–197.
Guillebeau, F. (1892c) [Notes de le séance du 25 Mai 1892]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 61, cxxxiii–cxxxv.
Guillebeau, F. (1893a) Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela. Phalacridae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 62, 287–296.
Guillebeau, F. (1893b) Description de deux espèces de Phalacrides. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 62, 297–298.
Guillebeau, F. (1893c) Contributions a la faune Indo-Chinoise. Phalacridae. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 62, 374–379.
Guillebeau, F. (1894a) Descriptions de quelques espèces de la famille des Phalacridae de la collection de M. Antoine Grouvelle. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 63, 275–310.
Guillebeau, F. (1894b) [Notes de le séance du 25 Juillet 1894]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 63, cxcii–cxciv.
Guillebeau, F. (1894c) [Notes de le séance du 10 Octobre 1894]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 63, ccvii–ccx.
Guillebeau, F. (1895) [Notes de le séance du 23 Janvier 1895]. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 64, xxv–xxvii.
Guillebeau, F. (1896) Descriptions de Phalacridae recueillis par M. Ch. Alluaud dans le Nord de Madagascar, en 1893 [Col.]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 1893, 296–299.
Guillebeau, F. (1897a) Description de quelques nouvelles espèces de Coléoptères. L’Échange, Revue Linnéenne, 13(147), 22–25.
Guillebeau, F. (1897b) Descriptions de quelques espèces nouvelles de Coléoptères. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 1897, 222–227.
Hetschko, A. (1930) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 108: Phalacridae, Mycetophagidae, Tretothoracidae, Jacobsoniidae, Cavicoxumidae, Gnostidae. W. Junk, Berlin, 76 pp.
Hinton, H.E. & Gibbs, D.F. (1969) Diffraction gratings in phalacrid beetles. Nature (London), 221, 953–954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/221953a0
Hisamatsu, S. (1985) Phalacridae. In: Kurosawa, Y., Hisamatsu, S. & Sasaji, H. (eds.), The Coleoptera of Japan in Color. Vol. IV. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka, pp. 271–274.
Hunt, T., Bergsten, J., Levkanovica, Z., Papadopoulou, A., St. John, O., Wild, R., Hammond, P.M., Ahrens, D., Balke, M., Caterino, M.S., Gómez-Zurita, J., Ribera, I., Barraclough, T.G., Bocakova, M., Bocak, L. & Vogler, A.P. (2007) A comprehensive phylogeny of beetles reveals the evolutionary origins of a superradiation. Science, 318, 1913–1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1146954
ICZN (International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxxix + 306 pp.
Jakobson, G.G. (1905–1915) Zhuki Rossii i Zapadnoi Evropy. Rukovodstvok Opredieleniiu Zhukov. A.F. Devriena, St. Petersburg. ii + 1024, 83 plates. [NOTE: pp. 865—1024 (fasc. 11): 1915]
Kirejtshuk, A.G. & Nel, A. (2008) New beetles of the suborder Polyphaga from the lowermost Eocene French amber (Insecta: Coleoptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.), 44, 419–442.
Kirsch, T. (1870) Beiträge zur Käferfauna von Bogotà. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 14, 337–378. [NOTE: pp. 338–368 incorrectly printed as 354–384]
Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence, J.F. (2004) Relationships among coleopteran suborders and major endoneopteran lineages: evidence from hind wing characters. European Journal of Entomology, 101, 95–144.
Laboulbéne, A. (1868) Histoire des métamorphoses de l’Olibrus affinis. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 37, 821–828.
Lacordaire, T. (1854) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou Exposé Méthodique de Critique de Tous les Genres Proposés Jusqu’ici dans cet Ordre d'Insectes. Tome Deuxième. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 548 pp.
Lafer, G.S. (1992a) Phalacridae. In: Ler, P.A. (ed.), Opredelitel’ nasekomych Dal’nego Vostoka SSSR v shestykh tomach. [Keys to the identification of insects of the Soviet Far East.] Tom 3—Zhestkokrylye, ili zhuki. [Coleoptera, or beetles.] Chast 2. Nauka, St. Petersburg, pp. 225–229.
Lafer, G.S. (1992b) Phaenocephalidae. In: Ler, P.A. (ed.), Opredelitel’ nasekomych Dal’nego Vostoka SSSR v shestykh tomach. [Keys to the identification of insects of the Soviet Far East.] Tom 3—Zhestkokrylye, ili zhuki. [Coleoptera, or beetles.] Chast 2. Nauka, St. Petersburg, pp. 323–324.
Lawrence, J.F. (1977) Coleoptera associated with an Hypoxylon species (Ascomycetes: Xylariaceae) on oak. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 31, 309–312.
Lawrence, J.F. (1991) Phalacridae (Cucujoidea). In: Stehr, F.W. (ed.), Immature Insects. Volume 2. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 466–468.
Lawrence, J.F., Gimmel, M.L. & Steiner, W.E., Jr. (2010) Family 10.20. Phalacridae. In: Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G. & Lawrence, J.F. (eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Band IV, Teilband 38, vol. 2. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 368–374.
Lawrence, J.F. & Newton, A.F., Jr. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In: Pakaluk, J. & Ślipiński, S.A. (eds.), Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera. Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warsaw, pp. 779–1006.
Lawrence, J.F., Beutel, R.G., Leschen, R.A.B. & Ślipiński, A. (2010) 2. Glossary of morphological terms. In: Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G. & Lawrence, J.F. (eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Band IV, Teilband 38, vol. 2. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 9–20.
Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A., Seago, A.E., Thayer, M.K., Newton, A.F. & Marvaldi, A.E. (2011) Phylogeny of the Coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae. Annales Zoologici, 61, 1–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/000345411X576725
Lea, A.M. (1932) The Phalacridae (Coleoptera) of Australia and New Guinea. Records of the South Australian Museum, 4, 433–481.
Leach, W.E. (1815) Articles on entomology. In: Brewster, D. (ed.), The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Vol. 9. William Blackwood, Edinburgh, pp. 57–172.
Leschen, R.A.B. (2003) Erotylidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): phylogeny and review. Fauna of New Zealand , 47, 1–108.
Leschen, R.A.B., Lawrence, J.F. & Ślipiński, S.A. (2005) Classification of basal Cucujoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga): cladistic analysis, keys and review of new families. Invertebrate Systematics, 19, 17–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/IS04007
Linné, C. (1767) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Pars II. Editio Duodecima, Reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, pp. 533–1327.
Liubarsky[sic], G.Y. (1993a) Review of the genus Phalacrus Payk. (Coleoptera Phalacridae) of Oriental region from V. Motschulsky’s collecton [sic]. Russian Entomological Journal, 2(1), 13–22.
Löben Sels, E. von (1934) Some observations on Phalacrus politus and other inhabitants of the heads of the New England Aster. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 42, 319–327.
Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (eds.) (2007) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 4. Elateroidea—Derodontoidea—Bostrichoidea
—Lymexyloidea—Cleroidea—Cucujoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 935 pp.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (1993b) Review of the genus Olibrus Erichson Motschulsky (Coleoptera Phalacridae) of Oriental Region from V. Motschulsky’s collecton [sic]. Russian Entomological Journal, 2(2), 19–24.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (1993c) Review of the genus Augasmus Motschulsky (Coleoptera Phalacridae) of Oriental region from V. Motschulsky’s collection. Russian Entomological Journal, 2(3–4), 35–40.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (1994a) New species of the genus Olibrus Erichson, 1845, from the Oriental Region (Coleoptera Phalacridae). Russian Entomological Journal, 2(5–6)[“1993”], 39–46.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (1994b) New and little-known Phalacridae (Coleoptera Clavicornia) from the Oriental region. Russian Entomological Journal, 3(1–2), 49–59.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (1996) Species of the genus Augasmus (Coleoptera, Phalacridae) from New Guinea in the collection of Zoological Museum (Berlin). Russian Entomological Journal, 5(1–4), 39–48.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (1998) Phalacridae of the southern Africa (Coleoptera). Russian Entomological Journal, 6(1–2)[“1997”], 17–40.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (2003) Phalacridae (Coleoptera) from Nepal and other districts of Oriental Realm. Russian Entomological Journal, 12(1), 59–68.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. (2005) New species and new data on Phalacridae (Coleoptera) of the Republic of South Africa. Russian Entomological Journal, 13(3)[“2004”], 123–125.
Lyubarsky, G.Y. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2011) New species of Stilbus (Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Phalacridae) from the Late Eocene Rovno Amber. Vestnik Zoologii, 45(2), e-47–e-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-011-0012-7
Matthews, A. (1899) A Monograph of the Coleopterous Families Corylophidae and Sphaeriidae. Janson & Son, London, 220 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8977
Motschulsky, V.I. (1858) Insectes des Indes orientales. Études Entomologiques, 7, 20–122.
Nelson, D.L. (1982) Phalacropsis dispar (Coleoptera: Phalacridae), an element in the natural control of native pine stem rust fungi in the western United States. Great Basin Naturalist, 42, 369–379.
Nixon, K.C. (2002) WinClada ver. 1.00.08. Published by the author, Ithaca, New York.
Pakaluk, J. (1991) Phylogenetic placement of Phaenocephalus Wollaston (Coleoptera: Phaenocephalidae & Phalacridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 93, 317–321.
Pakaluk, J., Ślipiński, S.A. & Lawrence, J.F. (1994) Current classification and family-group names in Cucujoidea (Coleoptera). Genus (Wroclaw), 5, 223–268.
Paulian, R. (1950) Les Corylophidae d’Afrique (Coleoptera). Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire, 12, 1–126.
Paykull, G. (1800) Fauna Svecica. Insecta. Tomus III. Joh. F. Edman, Upsaliæ, 459 pp.
Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle, P.-M. de (1907) Liste des Coléoptères du Sinai. L’Abeille, Journal d’Entomologie, 31, 1–48.
Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle, P.-M. de (1915) Notes sur la biologie de quelques Coléoptères phytophages du Nord Africain (deuxième série). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 84, 19–61.
Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle, P.-M. de (1926) Notes sur la biologie de quelques Coléoptères phytophages du Nord Africain (quatrième série) avec les descriptions de quatre espèces nouvelles et de quatre sous-espèces. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 95, 319–390.
Poinar, G.O., Jr. (1992) Life in Amber. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, xiii + 350 pp.
Ramsdale, A.S. & Samuelson, G.A. (2006) The Coleoptera of Lehua Islet, Hawai’i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 88, 30–36.
Reitter, E. (1873) Systematische Eintheilung der Nitidularien. Verhandlungen Naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, 12, 3–194.
Reitter, E. (1899) Beitrag zur Coleopteren-Fauna des russischen Reiches und der angrenzenden Länder. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1899, 193–209.
Robertson, J.A., Whiting, M.F. & McHugh, J.V. (2008) Searching for natural lineages within the Cerylonid Series (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.017
Sahlberg, J.R. (1913) Coleoptera mediterranea et rosso-asiatica nova et minus cognita maxima ex parte itineribus annis 1895–1896, 1898–1899 et 1903–1904 collecta. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar, (A) 55(8), 1–88.
Sasaji, H. (1985) Phaenocephalidae. In: Kurosawa, Y., Hisamatsu, S. & Sasaji, H. (eds.), The Coleoptera of Japan in Color. Volume III. Hoikusha Publishing Co., Osaka, p. 230.
Scott, H. (1922) No. 4. Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae, Scaphidiidae, Phalacridae, Cucujidae (supplement), Lathridiidae, Mycetophagidae (including Propalticus), Bostrychidae, Lyctidae. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardner, M.A. Vol. 7. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (2nd series, Zoology), 18, 195–260, pl. 19–22.
Seago, A.E., Brady, P., Vigneron, J.-P. & Schultz, T.D. (2009) Gold bugs and beyond: a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles (Coleoptera). Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 6, S165–S184.
Seidlitz, G. (1872–1875) Fauna Baltica. Die Käfer (Coleoptera) der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv, Ehst- und Kurlands, Zweite Serie, 5, xlii + 142 + 560. [NOTE: pp. xx + 48 + 208 and Fam. 1–35 issued in 1872; Fam. 36–42 issued in 1874; following issued in 1875]
Sen Gupta, T. & Crowson, R.A. (1966) A new family of cucujoid beetles, based on six Australian and one New Zealand genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 9, 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222936608651639
Sharp, D. (1888–1889) Phalacridae. In: Sharp, D., Matthews, A. & Lewis, G., Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. II, Part 1. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 244–264. [NOTE: pp. 244–256: 1888; pp. 257–264: 1889]
Spahr, U. (1981a) Bibliographie der Bernstein- und Kopal-Käfer (Coleoptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie), 72, 1–21.
Spahr, U. (1981b) Systematischer Katalog der Bernstein- und Kopal- Käfer (Coleoptera). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie), 80, 1–107.
Steedman, H.F. (1958) Dimethyl hydantoin formaldehyde: a new water-soluble resin for use as a mounting medium. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 99, 451–452.
Steiner, W.E., Jr. (1977) The genera Litochrus and Litochropus in North America (Coleoptera: Phalacridae). Unpublished masters thesis, University of Maryland, v + 83 pp.
Steiner, W.E., Jr. (1984) A review of the biology of phalacrid beetles (Coleoptera). In: Wheeler, Q. & Blackwell, M. (eds.), Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 424–445.
Steiner, W.E., Jr. (2002) Family 84. Phalacridae. In: Arnett, R.H., Jr., Thomas, M.C., Skelley, P.E. & Frank, J.H. (eds.), American Beetles. Vol. 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 335–337.
Steiner, W.E., Jr. & Singh, B.P. (1987) Redescription of an ergot beetle, Acylomus pugetanus Casey, with immature stages and biology (Coleoptera: Phalacridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 89, 744–758.
Švec, Z. (1992) A review of the Palaearctic species of the genus Stilbus (Coleoptera, Phalacridae). Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca, 89, 429–450.
Švec, Z. (2002) Revision of the African species of the genus Tinodemus Guillebeau (Coleoptera, Phalacridae). Results of the entomological expeditions of the Museum of Natural History, Berlin to Africa. 76th contribution. Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin Zoologische Reihe, 78(2), 217–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmnz.20020780204
Švec, Z. (2003) A review of the genera Stilbus Seidlitz, 1872, Podocesus Guillebeau, 1894 and Entomocnemus Guillebeau, 1894 from Africa, Madagascar and the Seychelles (Coleoptera, Phalacridae). Entomologica Basiliensia, 25, 99–133.
Švec, Z. (2006) Afronyrus gen. n. (Coleoptera: Phalacridae) with descriptions of new Phalacridae from Africa and Asia. Studies and Reports of District Museum Prague-East Taxonomical Series, 2, 105–122.
Švec, Z. (2010) Order Coleoptera, family Phalacridae. Pp. 249–252. In: Harten, A. van (ed.). Arthropod Fauna of the UAE, Volume 3. Dar Al Ummah, Abu Dhabi, pp. 249–252.
Švec, Z. & Angelini, F. (1996) The Italian species of Phalacridae with the description of Olibrus demarzoi sp. n. (Coleoptera). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 127, 199–212.
Thomas, M.C. (1984) A new Neotropical genus and species of rostrate Laemophloeinae (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) with discussion of the systematic position of the subfamily. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 38, 67–83.
Thompson, R.T. (1958) Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. V. Part 5(b). Coleoptera. Phalacridae. Royal Entomological Society, London, 17 pp.
Thompson, R.T. & Marshall, J.E. (1980) A taxonomic study of Phalacrus uniformis (Coleoptera: Phalacridae), an Australian beetle now established in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 7, 407–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1980.10423794
Thomson, C.G. (1859) Skandinaviens Coleoptera, Synoptiskt Bearbetade. Tom. I. Berlingska Boktryckeriet, Lund, 290 pp.
Tournier, H. (1889–1890) Coléoptères. Famille des Phalacrides. Essai monographique des espèces Europèennes et des contrées linitrophes. L’Entomologiste Génevois, 1, 2–10, 25–34, 49–55, 73–92, 97–101, 121–124, 185–188. [NOTE: pp. 2–124: 1889; 185–188: 1890]
Urban, C. (1926) Über die Olibrus-Larve (Col. Phalacr.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1926, 401–412.
Urban, C. (1930) Über die Larve des Olibrus millefolii Payk. (Col. Phalacr.). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 2, 39–42.
Ventura, D. (1997) Citas nuevas e interesantes de Phalacridae de la Península Ibérica y Baleares (Coleoptera). Sessio Conjunta d’Entomologia, ICHN-SCL, 9, 75–92.
Vogt, H. (1967) 56. Familie: Phalacridae. In: Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A. (eds.), Die Käfer Mitteleuropas. Band 7: Clavicornia. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 158–166.
Werner, F.G. (1948) A technique for orienting beetle genitalia for illustration. The Coleopterists’ Bulletin, 2, 11.
Wollaston, T.V. (1873) On new Coleoptera from Japan. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 10, 167–172.