Abstract
Specimens were collected by SCUBA diving from 22 sites along the Antarctic Peninsula, spanning latitudes from Diomedea Island (62°12.185’S) to Jenny Island (67°43.325’S). The aims of the survey were to record the sponge biodiversity of the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral and to provide information on in situ identification features. In total 24 sponge species were recorded, ranging from 0 to 12 species per site. The most widespread species were Dendrilla antarctica (10 sites), Sphaerotylus antarcticus (11 sites); and Mycale (Oxymycale) acerata (13 sites). Four species new to science were discovered and are described here: Megaciella cardenasi sp. nov., Crella (Crella) hennequinae sp. nov., Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) noramaloneae sp. nov., Clathria (Clathria) priestleyae sp. nov. Suberites topsenti (Burton, 1929) is reassigned to Hemimycale topsenti (Burton, 1929) comb. nov. General habitat notes are provided for the survey sites, many of which were previously unsurveyed.
References
Baker, B.J., Kopitzke, R.W., Yoshida, W.Y. & McClintock, J.R. (1995) Chemical and Ecological studies of the Antarctic sponge Dendrilla membranosa. Journal of Natural Products, 58, 1459–1462.
https://doi.org/10.1021/np50123a020
Barnes, D.K.A & Bullough, L.W. (1995) Some observation on the diet and distribution of nudibranchs at Signy Island, Antarctica. Journal of Molluscan studies, 62, 281–287.
https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/62.3.281
Barthel, D., Tendal, O.S. & Panzer, K. (1990) Ecology and taxonomy of sponges in the eastern Weddell Sea shelf and slope communities. Reports on polar research, 68, 120–131.
Bavestrello, G., Arillo, A., Calcinai, B., Cattaneo-Vietti, R., Cerrano, C., Gaino, E., Penna, A. & Sara, M. (2000) Parasitic diatoms inside Antarctic sponges. Biological Bulletin, 198, 29–33.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1542801
Bergquist, P.R. (1995) Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida and Verongida from the New Caledonia Lagoon (Porifera: Demospongiae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 38 (1), 1–51.
Bergquist, P.R. & Fromont, P.J. (1988) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Porifera, Demospongiae, Part 4 Poecilosclerida. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 96, 1–197.
Bertolino, M., Schejter, L., Calcinai, B., Cerrano, C. & Bremec, C. (2007) Sponges from a submarine canyon of the Argentine. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 189–201.
Bertolino, M., Calcinai, B. & Pansini, M. (2009) Two new species of Poecilosclerida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Terra Nova Bay (Antarctic Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 89 (08), 1671.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315409000915
Boury-Esnault, N. & Van Beveren, M. (1982) Les Démosponges du plateau continental de Kerguelen–Heard. Comit national français des recherches antarctiques, 52, 1–175.
British Antarctic Survey (2018) SOMBASE BIOCONSTRUCTORS. Occurrence Dataset. Accessed via GBIF.org. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15468/y8psoy (accessed 13 January 2018)
Brøndsted, H.V. (1927) Antarctic and subantarctic sponges collected by S. Wallin 1924. Arkiv för Zoologi, 19A (6), 1–6.
Brueggeman, P. (1998) Porifera—Demospongiae: demosponges. In: Brueggeman, P. (Ed.), Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Available from: http://peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/index.html (accessed 12 December 2018)
Burton, M. (1929) British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910. Natural History Report. Porifera: Part II: Antarctic Sponges. Zoology, 6, 393–458.
Burton, M. (1930) Report on a collection of sponges from South Georgia and from Campbell Island, South Pacific, obtained by Dr Kohl-Larsen. Senckenbergiana, 12, 331–335.
Burton, M. (1932) Sponges. Discovery Reports, 6, 237–392.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24379
Burton, M. (1934) Sponges. In: Block, S. (Ed.), Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–03. P.A. Norstedt & Soner, Stockholm, pp. 58.
Burton, M. (1938) Non–Calcareous sponges. Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–1914, C (Zoology and Botany), 9 (3), 5–22.
Burton, M. (1940) Las Esponjas marinas del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. (Parte 1). Anales del Museo argentino de ciencias naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia, 40, 95–121.
Cárdenas, C.A., Newcombe, E.M., Hajdu, E., Gonzalez-Aravena, M., Geange, S.W. & Bell, J.J. (2016) Sponge Richness on algae-dominated rocky reefs in the western Antarctic Peninsula and the Magellan Strait. Polar Research, 25, 30532.
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v35.30532
Campos, M., Mothes, B., Lerner, C., Carraro, J.L. & Veitenheimer, I.L. (2007) Sponges (Porifera , Demospongiae ) from Bransfield Strait, off Joinville Island, collected by Brazilian Antarctic Program—PROANTAR. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 219–232.
Dayton, P.K. (1989) Inter-decadal variation in an Antarctic sponge and its predators from oceanographic climate shifts. Science, 245, 1484–1486.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4925.1484
Dayton, P.K., Robilliard, G.A., Paine, R.T. & Dayton, L.B. (1974) Biological accommodation in the benthic community at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Ecological Monographs, 44, 105–128.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1942321
Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. (1989) Demospongiae (Porifera) del litoral chileno antartico. Series Cientia Instituto Antartico Chileno, 39, 97–158.
Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R. & van Soest, R.W.M. (1996) A review of Iophonidae, Myxillidae and Tedaniidae occurring in the South East Pacific (Porifera: Poecilosclerida). Revue suisse de Zoologie, 103, 3–79.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79938
Downey, R.V., Griffiths, H.J., Linse, K. & Janussen, D. (2012) Diversity and Distribution Patterns in High Southern Latitude Sponges. PLoS ONE, 7, e41672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041672.
Göcke, C., Janussen, D. (2013) Demospongiae of ANT XXIV/2 (SYSTCO I) Expedition–Antarctic Eastern Weddell Sea. Zootaxa, 3692 (1), 28–101.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3692.1.5
Goodwin, C., Brewin, P.E. & Brickle, P. (2012) Sponge biodiversity of South Georgia island with descriptions of fifteen new species. Zootaxa, 3542, 1–48.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3542.1.1
Gutt, J. & Koltun, V.M. (1995) Sponges of the Lazarev and Weddell Sea, Antarctica: explanations for their patchy occurrence. Antarctic Science, 7, 227–234.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102095000320
Hajdu, E., Fonseca, C., Schories, D. & Kohlberg, G. (2016) Sponges, Porifera. In: Schories, D. & Kohlberg, G. (Eds.), Marine Wildlife, King George Island, Antarctica: Identification guide. Dirk Schories publications, Rostock, pp. 56–78.
Hentschel, E. (1914) Monaxone Kieselschwämme und Hornschwämme der Deutschen Südpolar–Expedition 1901–1903. Deutsche Südpolar-Expedition, 1901–03, 15, 35–141.
Hooper, J.N.A. (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 40, 1–626.
Hooper, J.N.A. (2002a) Family Acarnidae Dendy, 1922. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 412–431.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_51
Hooper, J.N.A. (2002b) Family Microcionidae Carter, 1875. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 432–468.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_52
Kersken, D., Feldmeyer, B. & Janussen, D. (2016) Sponge communities of the Antarctic Peninsula: influence of environmental variables on species composition and richness. Polar Biology, 39, 851.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1875-9
Kirkpatrick, R. (1907) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonellida of the National Antarctic Expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 20 (117), 271–291.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930709487333
Kirkpatrick, R. (1908) Porifera (Sponges). II. Tetraxonida. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904. Natural History, 4, 1–56.
Koltun, V.M. (1964) Sponges of the Antarctic I. Tetraxonida and Cornacuspongida. In: Pavilovskii, E.P., Andriyashev, A.P. & Ushakov, P.V. (Eds.), Biological reports of the Soviet Antarctic expedition (1955–1958). Vol. 2. Akademya Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 6–133.
Koltun, V.M. (1976) Porifera—Part 1: Antarctic Sponges. Report B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929–1931, B (Zoology and Botany), 5, 163–198.
Kowalke, J. (1998) Energieumsätze benthischer Filtrierer der Potter Cove (King George Island, Antarktis), Berichte zur Polarforschung. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 147 pp. [in German]
Huguenin, L., Salani, S., Lopes, M.F., Albano, R., Hajdu, E. & Esteves, E.L. (2018) Integrative taxonomy of Hemimycale (Hymedesmiidae: Poeciloslcerida: Demospongiae) from Southeastern Brazil, with the description of two new species. Zootaxa, 4442 (1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4442.1.7
Lehnert, H. & Stone, R.P. (2015) New species of sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska. Zootaxa, 4033 (4), 451–483.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.1
López Gappa, J. & Landoni, N.A. (2005) Biodiversity of Porifera in the Southwest Atlantic between 35°S and 56°S. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 7, 191–219.
https://doi.org/10.22179/REVMACN.7.328
Mangano, S., Michaud, L., Caruso, C. & Giudice, A. (2014) Metal and antibiotic resistance in psychotropic bacteria associated with the Antarctic sponge Hemigellius pilosus (Kirkpatrick, 1907). Polar Biology, 37, 227–235.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-013-1426-1
McClintock, J.B., Amsler, C.D., Baker, B.J. & van Soest, R.W.M. (2005) Ecology of Antarctic Marine Sponges: An Overview. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 359–368.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.2.359
Morley, S.A., Berman, J., Barnes, D.K.A., Carbonell, C.J., Downey, R.V. & Peck, L.S. (2016) Extreme phenotypic plasticity in physiology of Antarctic Demosponges. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3, 157.
https://doi.org/0.3389/fevo.2015.00157
NIWA (2016) Vulnerable marine ecosystems in the South Pacific Ocean region. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand, 202873 records. Available from: http://nzobisipt.elasticbeanstalk.com/resource.do?r=vme_inverts (accessed 12 December 2018)
Ocean Survey (2013) International Polar Year and Census of Antarctic Marine Life Ross Sea voyage (TAN0802) biodiversity data. Southwestern Pacific OBIS, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, 8748 records. Available from: http://nzobisipt.elasticbeanstalk.com/resource.do?r=mbis_caml (accessed 12 December 2018)
Pansini, M., Calcinai, B., Cattaneo-Vietti, R. & Sara, M. (1994) Demosponges from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica): 1987/1988 and 1989/90. Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide, Expeditions. National Scientific Commission for Antarctica Oceanographic Campaign 1987/88 and 1989/90, 3, 67–100.
Plotkin, A.S. & Janussen, D. (2008) Polymastiidae and Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Hadromerida) of the deep Weddell Sea, Antarctic. Zootaxa, 1866, 95–135.
Plotkin, A., Morrow, C., Gerasimova, E. & Rapp, H.T. (2017) Polymastiidae (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) with ornamented exotyles: a review of morphological affinities and description of a new genus and three new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97, 1351–1406.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315416000655
Ridley, S.O. (1881) Spongida collected during the Expedition of H.M.S Alert in the Straits of Magellan and on the coast of Patagonia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1881, 107–139.
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. “Challenger. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 18, 325–351.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938609459982
Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. “Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Zoology, 20, 1–275.
Rios, P. (2006) Esponjas del orden Poecilosclerida de las campanas espanolas de bentos Antartico. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 527 pp.
Rios, P. & Cristobo, F.J. (2007) Sponges of genus Myxilla Schmidt, 1862, collected in Antarctic waters by Spanish Antarctic expeditions. In: Custódio, M., Lôbo-Hajdu, G., Hajdu, E. & Muricy, G. (Eds.), Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability. Série Livros 28. Universidad Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 525–546.
Rios, P. & Cristobo, J. (2014) Antarctic Porifera database from the Spanish benthic expeditions. ZooKeys, 401, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.401.5522
Rios, P., Cristobo, F. & Urgorri, V. (2004) Poecilosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition BENTART–94. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 45, 97–119.
Sar, M. (1978) Demospongie di acque superficiali della Terra del Fuoco (Spedizioni AMF Mares—GRSTS e SAI). Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della Universit di Genova, 46, 7–117.
Sar, M., Balduzzi, A., Barbieri, M., Bavestrello, G. & Burlando, B. (1992) Biogeographic traits and checklist of Antarctic demosponges. Polar Biology, 12, 559–585.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00236980
Schejter, L., Chiesa, I.L., Doti, B.L. & Bremec, C. (2012) Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica (Porifera: Demospongiae) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean: endobiotic fauna and new distributional information. Scientia Marina, 76 (4), 753–761.
https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03490.21A.
Seba, A. (1734) Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri accurata descriptio, et iconibus artificiosissimis expressio, per universam physices historiam : opus, cui, in hoc rerum genere, nullum par exstitit. Wetstenium, J., Smith, G. & Waesbergios, J., Amsterdam, 450 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.62680
Van Soest, R.W.M. (2002a). Family Crellidae Dendy, 1922. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 556–566.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_59
Van Soest, R.W.M. (2002b) Family Tedaniidae Ridley and Dendy 1886. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 625–632.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_66
Van Soest, R.W.M. (2002c) Family Suberitidae. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Vol. 1. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London and Moscow, pp. 227–244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_25
Van Soest, R.W.M, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J.N.A., Rützler, K., de Voogd, N.J., Alvarez, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A.B., Manconi, R., Schönberg, C., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Díaz, M.-C., Cárdenas, P., Carballo, J.L., Ríos, P. & Downey, R. (2018) World Porifera database. Accessed from: http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera (accessed 4 April 2018)
Von Salm, J.L., Witowski, C.G., Fleeman, R.M., McClintock, J.B., Amsler, C.D., Shaw, L.N. & Baker, B.J. (2016) Darwinolide, a New Diterpene Scaffold That Inhibits Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm from the Antarctic Sponge Dendrilla membranosa. Organic Letters, 18, 2596–2599.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00979
Topsent, E. (1901) Notice préliminaire sur les éponges recueuillies par l’Expédition Antarctique Belge. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 3, 5–16.
Topsent, E. (1907) Poecilosclérides nouvelles recueillies par le Français dans l’Antarctique. Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, 13, 69–76.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.4486
Topsent, E. (1908) Spongiaires. Expédition antarctique française (1903–1905) commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot, Paris, 4, 1–37.
Topsent, E. (1913) Spongiaires de l’Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 49, 579–643.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800013119
Topsent, E. (1915) Spongiaires recueillis par la ‘Scotia’ dans l’Antarctique (1903–1904). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 51 (1–2), 35–43.
Topsent, E. (1916) Diagnoses d’éponges recueillies dans l’Antarctique par le Pourquoi–Pas? Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 22, 163–172.
Topsent, E. (1917) Spongiaires. In: Joubin, L. (Ed.), Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française (1908–1910) Commandée par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences Physiques: Documents Scientifiques. Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 1–88.
Uriz, M.J., Garate, L. & Agell, G. (2017) Molecular phylogenies confirm the presence of two cryptic Hemimycale species in the Mediterranean and reveal the polyphyly of the genera Crella and Hemimycale (Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida). PeerJ, 5, e2958. https://doi.org/10.7717peerj.2958
Valdivia, N., Díaz, M.J., Garrido, I. & Gomez, I. (2015) Consistent richness-biomass relationship across environmental gradients in a marine macroalga-dominated subtidal community on the western Antarctic Peninsula. PloS One, 10, e0138582.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138582
Willenz, P., Hajdu, E., Desqueyroux-Faúndez, R., Lôbo-Hajdu, G. & de Souza Carvalho, M. (2009) Class Demospongiae. In: Häussermann, V. & Försterra, G. (Eds.), Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Nature in Focus, Puerto Montt, pp. 94–170.