Abstract
A new genus and species of lecanicephalidean cestode, Stoibocephalum arafurense n. gen., n. sp., is described from the sharkray, Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider, off northern Australia. Stoibocephalum arafurense n. gen., n. sp. Is apolytic, and possesses a large, muscular, retractable apical organ, 3 pairs of excretory vessels, and testes in several columns and layers. The presence of 3 pairs of excretory vessels distinguishes this new genus from all other valid lecanicephalidean genera, except Hexacanalis Perrenoud, 1931, from which it can be distinguished based on ovary shape and egg morphology. Stoibocephalum n. gen. most closely resembles Tylocephalum Linton, 1890 but differs from that genus in its ability to completely retract its apical organ into the scolex proper. Scolex microthrix pattern and histological sections of scoleces attached in situ suggest S. arafurense n. gen., n. sp. to attach to the host’s intestinal mucosa with apical organ and scolex proper surfaces, rather than just the apical organ surface. This is the third lecanicephalidean species described from the sharkray.
References
Beveridge, I., Neifar, L. & Euzet, L. (2004) Eutetrarhynchid cestodes from Atlantic and Mediterranean elasmobranch fishes, with the description of two new species of Dollfusiella Campbell & Beveridge, 1994 and redescriptions of Prochristianella papillifer (Poyarkoff, 1909) Dollfus, 1957 and Parachristianella trygonis Dollfus, 1946. Systematic Parasitology, 59, 81–102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SYPA.0000044426.65921.44Braun, M. (1878) Zwei neue Bandwürmer. Arbeiten aus dem Zoologisch-Zootomischen Institut in Würzburg, Neue Folge, 4, 297–302.
Butler, S.A. (1987) The taxonomic history of the family Lecanicephalidae Braun, 1900, a little known group of marine cestodes. Systematic Parasitology, 10, 105–115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009616Caira, J.N., Jensen, K., Yamane, Y., Isobe, A., & Nagasawa, K. (1997) On the tapeworms of Megachasma pelagios: Description of a new genus and species of lecanicephalidean and additional information on the trypanorhynch Mixodigma leptaleum. In: Yano, K., Morrissey, J.F., Yabumoto, Y. & Nakaya, K. (Eds.), Biology of the Megamouth Shark. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 181–191.
Caira, J.N., Jensen, K. & Healy, C.J. (1999) On the phylogenetic relationships among tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean tapeworm genera. Systematic Parasitology, 42, 77–151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006192603349Caira, J.N., Jensen, K. & Healy, C.J. (2001) Interrelationships among tetraphyllidean and lecanicephalidean cestodes. In: Littlewood, D.T.J. & Bray, R.A. (Eds.), Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 135–158.
Campbell, R.A. & Beveridge, I. (2009) Oncomegas aetobatidis sp. nov. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), a re-description of O. australiensis Toth, Campbell and Schmidt, 1992 and new records of trypanorhynch cestodes from Australian elasmobranch fishes. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 133, 18–29.
Campbell, R.A. & Williams, A.D. (1984) Tylocephalum Linton, 1890 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill, 1815) with a discussion of its validity and systematic relationships. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 51, 121–134.
Chervy, L. (2009) Unified terminology for cestode microtriches: a proposal from the International Workshops on Cestode Systematics in 2002–2008. Folia Parasitologica, 56, 199–230.
Cielocha, J.J. & Jensen, K. (2011) A revision of Hexacanalis Perrenoud, 1931 (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) and description of H. folifer n. sp from the zonetail butterfly ray Gymnura zonura (Bleeker) (Rajiformes: Gymnuridae). Systematic Parasitology, 79, 1–16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-011-9291-1Deshmukh, R.A. (1980) On a new cestode Spinocephalum rhinobatii gen. et sp. nov. (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidae) from a marine fish from west coast of India. Rivista di Parassitologia, 41, 27–32.
Euzet, L. (1994) Order Lecanicephalidea Wardle & McLeod, 1952. In: Khalil, L.F., Jones, A., & Bray, R.A. (Eds.), Keys to the Cestode Parasites of Vertebrates. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., pp. 195–204.
Fuhrmann, O. (1931) Dritte Klasse des Cladus Plathelminthes: Cestoidea. In: Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (Eds.), Handbuch der Zoologie (1928-1933). Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, pp. 141–416.
Ivanov, V.A. & Campbell, R.A. (2000) Emendation of the generic diagnosis of Tylocephalum (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea: Tetragonocephalidae), and description of Tylocephalum brooksi n. sp. Journal of Parasitology, 86, 1085–1092.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284827Jensen, K. (2001) Four new genera and five new species of lecanicephalideans (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The Journal of Parasitology, 87, 845–861.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0845:FNGAFN]2.0.CO;2Jensen, K. (2005) Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (Part I) – A monograph on the Lecanicephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 18, 1–236.
Jensen, K., Nikolov, P., & Caira, J.N. (2011) A new genus and two new species of Anteroporidae (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from the darkspotted numbfish, Narcine maculata (Torpediniformes: Narcinidae), off Malaysian Borneo. Folia Parasitologica, 58, 95–107.
Koch K.R., Jensen, K., & Caira, J.N. (2012) Three new genera and six new species of lecanicephalideans (Cestoda) from eagle rays of the genus Aetomylaeus (Myliobatiformes: Myliobatidae) from northern Australia and Borneo. Journal of Parasitology, 98, 175–198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-2798.1Last, P.R. & Stevens, J.D. (2009) Sharks and Rays of Australia (2nd Ed). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 644 pp.
Linton, E. (1890) 9. Notes on Entozoa of marine fishes of New England, with descriptions of several new species. Part II. Report of the United States Commissioner of Fisheries (1887), Washington D. C., 15, 719–899.
Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K.A.M., Straube, N., & Lakner, C. (2012a) Elasmobranch phylogeny: A mitochondrial estimate based on 595 species. In: Carrier, J.C., Musick, J.A., & Heithaus, M.R. (Eds.), Biology of Sharks and Rays and their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 31–57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11867-4Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K.A.M, White, W.T., & Last, P.R. (2012b). A DNA sequence-based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 367, 1–262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/754.1Palm, H.W. (1999) Nybelinia Poche, 1926, Heteronybelinia gen. nov. and Mixonybelinia gen. nov. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) in the collections of The Natural History Museum, London. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Zoology series), 65, 133–153.
Palm, H.W. & Walter, T. (1999) Nybelinia southwelli sp. nov. (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha) with a re-description of N. perideraeus (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) and the synonymy of N. herdmani (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) with Kotorella pronosoma (Stossich, 1901). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Zoology series), 65, 123–131.
Perrenoud, W. (1931) Recherches anatomiques et histologiques sur quelques cestodes de sélaciens. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 38, 469–555.
Pramanik, P.B. & Manna, B. (2007) Six new and two known species of the genus Tylocephalum Linton, 1890 (Cestoida: Lecanicephalidae) in cartilageous fishes from Bay of Bengal at Digha coastal waters, West Bengal, India. Journal of Natural History, 3, 12–22.
Ruhnke, T.R. (2011) Tapeworms of elasmobranchs (Part III) – A monograph on the Phyllobothriidae (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, 25, 1–205.
Sarada, S., Vijaya Lakshmi, C., & Hanumantha Rao, C. (1992) Studies on a new species Cephalobothrium neoaetobatidis (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) from Rhina ancylostomus from Waltair coast. Rivista di Parassitologia, 9, 189–193.
Shipley, A.E. & Hornell, J. (1905) Further report on parasites found in connection with the pearl oyster fishery at Ceylon. In: Herdman, W.A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Vol. 3. Royal Society of London, London, U.K., pp. 49–56, +42 plates.
Shipley, A.E. & Hornell, J. (1906) Report on the cestode and nematode parasites from the marine fishes of Ceylon. In: Herdman, W.A. (Ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar, Vol. 5. Royal Society of London, London, U.K., pp. 43–96.
Southwell, T. (1911) Description of nine new species of cestode parasites, including two new genera from marine fishes of Ceylon. Ceylon Marine Biological Report, 1, 216–225.
Southwell, T. (1925) A monograph on the Tetraphyllidea with notes on related cestodes. Memoirs of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (New Series), 2, 1–368.
Southwell, T. (1927) On a collection of cestodes from marine fishes of Ceylon and India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 21, 351–373.
Southwell, T. (1929) On the classification of the Cestoda. Ceylon Journal of Science, Ceylon, pp. 49–72.
Subhapradha, C.K. (1955) Cestode parasites of fishes of Madras Coast. Indian Journal of Helminthology, 7, 115–119.
Yamaguti, S. (1934) Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 4. Cestodes of fishes. Japanese Journal of Zoology, 6, 1–112.
Yamaguti, S. (1959) Systema Helminthum. Vol. II. The Cestodes of Vertebrates. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 860 pp.