Abstract
A new characid species, Moenkhausia pankilopteryx, is described from the rio Tocantins drainage. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of 37–41 pored scales in the lateral line; a deep body, 43.3–51.0 % SL; the presence of bony hooks on all fins of mature males; a caudal-peduncle spot; two humeral spots, the first of which is black, larger and vertically elongate, with the second dark and very diffuse (not visible in some specimens); two or three tricuspid or pentacuspid maxillary teeth; and anal-fin rays: ii–iv, 24–27.References
Azpelicueta, M.M. & Garcia, J.O. (2000) A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) from Uruguay river basin in Argentina, with remarks on hook presence in Characidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 107, 245–257 .
Benine, R.C. (2002) Moenkhausia levidorsa, a new species from rio Aripuanã, Amazon basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 13, 289–294.
Bertaco, V.A. & Malabarba, L.R. (2005) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the upper rio Tocantins drainage, with bony hooks on fins. Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 83–88.
Bertaco, V.A. & Lucinda, P.H.F. (2005) Astyanax elachylepis (Teleostei: Characidae), a new characid fish from rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 3, 389–394.
Cardoso, A.R. & Lucinda, P.H.F. (2003) Three new species of Hemiancistrus (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Tocantins basin with comments on the genus. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 14, 73–84.
Costa, W. J. E. M. (1994) Description of two new species of the genus Moenkhausia (Characiformes, Characidae) from central Brazil. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 232, 21–29.
Eigenmann, C.H. (1903) New genera of South American fresh-water fishes, and new names for old genera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 45, 144–148.
Eigenmann, C.H. (1917) The American Characidae [Part 1]. Memoirs of Museum of Comparative Zoology, 43, 1–102.
Ferreira, E.F.G. (1993) Composição, distribuição, e aspectos ecológicos da ictiofauna de um trecho do rio Trombetas, na área de influência da futura UHE Cachoeira Porteira, Estado do Pará, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 23, 1–89.
Fink, W.L. (1979) A new species of Moenkhausia from the Mato Grosso region of Brazil (Pisces: Characidae). Breviora, 450, 1–12.
Fink, W.L. & Weitzman, S.H. (1974) The so-called cheirodontin fishes of Central America with descriptions of two new species (Pisces: Characidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 172, 1–46.
Fisch-Muller, S., Mazonni, R. & Weber, C. (2001) Genetic and morphological evidences for two new sibling species of Ancistrus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in upper rio Tocantins drainage, Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 12, 289–304.
Fisch-Muller, S., Cardoso, A.R., da Silva, J.F.P. & Bertaco, V.A. (2005) Three new species of Ancistrus Kner (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Tapajós and Tocantins rivers. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 112, 559–572.
Géry, J. (1977) Characoids of the World. T. F. H. Publications, Inc. Neptune City. 672 pp.
Géry, J. (1992) Description de deux nouvelles espèces proches de Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner) (Poissons, Characiformes, Tetragonopterinae), avec une revue du groupe. Revue Française d’Aquariologie, 19, 69–77.
Lima, F.C.T, Malabarba, L.A., Buckup, P.A., Pezzi da Silva, J.C., Vari, R.P., Harold, A., Benine, R., Oyakawa, O.T., Pavanelli, C.S., Menezes, N.A., Lucena, C.A.S., Malabarba, M.C.S.L., Lucena, Z.M.S., Reis, R.E., Langeani, F., Casatti, L., Bertaco, V.A., Moreira, C. & Lucinda, P.H.F. (2003) Genera incertae sedis in Characidae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris, C. J. (Eds.), Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, pp. 134–141.
Lima, F.C.T. & Moreira, C.R. (2003) Three new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia basin in Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 1, 21–33.
Lima, F.C.T. & Toledo-Piza, M. (2001) New species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Negro of Brazil. Copeia, 2001(4), 1058–1063.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1991) Natural history of fishes in Araguaia and Xingu Amazonian tributaries, Serra do Roncador, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 2, 63–82.
Lucena, Z.M.S. & Lucena, C.A.S. (1999) Moenkhausia tergimacula, a new species from the upper rio Tocantins, Brazil (Osteichthyes: Characidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 10, 231–236.
Malabarba, L.R. & Weitzman, S.H. (2003) Description of new genus with six new species from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative chraracid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Série Zooogia, 16, 67–151.
Menezes, N.A. & Lucena, C.A.S. (1998) Revision of the subfamily Roestinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Cynodontidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 9, 279–291.
Merona, B. (1987) Aspectos ecológicos da ictiofauna no baixo Tocantins. Acta Amazônica, 16/17, 104–109.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. (1985) Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage. Cybium, 9, 107–119.
Vari, R.P. (1988) The Curimatidae, a lowland Neotropical fish family (Pisces: Characiformes): Distribution, endemism, and phylogenetic biogeography. In: Vanzolini, P. E. & Heyer, W. R. (Ed.), Proceedings of a workshop on Neotropical distribution patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciências, Rio de Janeiro, Pp. 343–377.
Weitzman, S. H. (1977) Hyphessobrycon socolofi, a new species of Characoid fish (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Rio Negro of Brazil. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90, 326–347.
Weitzman, S. H. & Palmer, L. (1997) A new species of Hyphessobrycon (Teleostei: Characidae) from the Neblina region of Venezuela and Brazil, with comments on the putative `rosy tetra clade'. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7, 209–242.
Weitzman, S.H. & Malabarba, L.R. (1998) Perspectives about the phylogeny and classification of the Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). In: Malabarba, L.R., Reis, R.E., Vari, R.P., Lucena, Z. M. S. & Lucena, C.A.S. (Ed.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, pp. 161–170.