Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2007-05-31
Page range: 1–84
Abstract views: 51
PDF downloaded: 26

Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta, Neuroptera) : revised checklist, new and noteworthy records, and geo-referenced localities

McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9. Present Address: Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9
Posthumous. Deceased: July 9, 1991, Canada
Insecta Neuroptera Chrysopidae Canada Alaska

Abstract

The Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska, the subject of a study since 1980, including more than 6,000 adults representing 24 species in two subfamilies, are here revised and the localities georeferenced. The number of specimens, earliest authenticated specimen, new records, flight period, and the localities supported by museum specimens are provided for each species for each province or territory of Canada, as well as the State of Alaska, USA. Localities in literature for which no specimen exists are queried. A directory of collectors is provided. Biological attributes, such as attraction to light, and plants or habitat where specimens were collected, are based on label data. Chrysopa quadripunctata Burmeister and Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) are reported for the first time from the Province of Manitoba, Canada; and, Meleoma emuncta (Fitch), for the first time from the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. Nomenclatural changes include: Mallada slossonae Garland, 1996, as a new objective synonym of Dichochrysa macleodi (Adams and Garland, 1983; Mallada) syn. nov., and Dichochrysa perfecta (Banks, 1895), an emendation.

References

  1. Adams, P.A. (1962) A stridulatory structure in Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 38, 178–180.

    Adams, P.A. (1967) A review of the Mesochrysinae and Nothochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 135, 215–238.

    Adams, P.A. (1969) New species and synonymy in the genus Meleoma (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a discussion of genitalic homologies. Postilla, 136, 18 pp.

    Adams, P.A. (1982) Ceraeochrysa, a new genus of Chrysopinae (Neuroptera). (Studies in New World Chrysopidae, Part II). Neuroptera International, 2, 69–75.

    Adams, P.A. & Garland, J.A. (1981) A new species of Chrysopiella Banks from western North America (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 113, 1–4.

    Adams, P.A. & Garland, J.A. (1983) A review of the genus Mallada in the United States and Canada, with a new species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Psyche, 89 (1982), 239–248. [Vol. 89, nos. 3–4, for 1982, mailed April 27, 1983]

    Adams, P.A. & Penny, N.D. (1987) Neuroptera of the Amazon Basin, Part Iia. Introduction and Chrysopini. Acta Amazonica, 15, 413–479.

    Albuquerque, G.S., Tauber, M.J., & Tauber, C.A. (1997) Life-history adaptations and reproductive costs associated with specialization in predacious insects. Journal of Animal Ecology, 66, 307–317.

    Anonymous. (1906) The British Columbia list. Bulletin of the British Columbia Entomological Society, 4, 1–4.

    Anonymous. (1978) Collections of Canadian Insects and Certain Related Groups, 1978. Pilot Study for a Biological Survey of the Insects of Canada. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada,10 (1), Supplement, 1–21.

    Aspöck, H., Hölzel, H., & Aspöck, U. (2001) Kommentierter Katalog der Neuropterida (Insecta: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera) der Westpaläarktis. Denisia, 2, 1–612.

    Balakrishnan, R. (2005) Species concepts, species boundaries and species identification: A view from the Tropics. Systematic Entomology, 54, 689–693.

    Banks, N. (1892) A synopsis, catalogue, and bibliography of the neuropteroid insects of temperate North America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 19, 327–373.

    Banks, N. (1895a) New Neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 22, 313–316.

    Banks, N. (1895b) Some Mexican Neuroptera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 2. 5 (1), 515–522.

    Banks, N. (1896) A new species of Meleoma. Entomological News, 7, 95–96.

    Banks, N. (1898) Three new species of Chrysopidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 4 (1897), 173–175. [Date of issue of Vol. IV, No. 2 (pp. 49–176), March 21, 1898]

    Banks, N. (1903) A revision of the Nearctic Chrysopidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 29, 137–162, pl. II.

    Banks, N. (1908) Neuropteroid insects-Notes and descriptions. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 34, 255–268, pl. XVII–XIX.

    Banks, N. (1911) Descriptions of new species of North American Neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 37, 335–360, pl. XI–XIII.

    Banks, N. (1924) Descriptions of new neuropteroid insects. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 65, 421–455, 4 pls.

    Banks, N. (1938) New native Neuropteroid insects. Psyche, 45, 72–79.

    Banks, N. (1950) Notes and descriptions of western Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Psyche, 57, 45–67.

    Barnard, P.C. (1978) A check-list of the British Neuroptera with taxonomic notes. Entomologist’s Gazette, 29, 165–176.

    Bethune, C.J.S. (1914) Henry Herbert Lyman, MA. The Canadian Entomologist, 46, 221–226.

    Bickley, W.E. & MacLeod, E.G. (1956) A synopsis of the Nearctic Chrysopidae with a key to the genera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 58, 177–202.

    Bird, C.D., Hilchie, G.J., Kondla, N.G., Pike, E.M., & Sperling, F.A.H. (1995) Alberta Butterflies. The Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. 349 pp.

    Bird, R.D. (1964) A history of agricultural entomology in Manitoba. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba, 19 (1963), 7–11.

    Bram, R.A. & Bickley, W.E. (1963) The green lacewings of the genus Chrysopa in Maryland (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the University of Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, A124. 18 pp.

    Briand, L.J. (1931) Notes on Chrysopa oculata Say and its relation to the Oriental peach moth (Laspeyresia molesta Busck.) infestation in 1930. The Canadian Entomologist, 63, 123–126.

    Brodie, W. & White, J.E. (1883) Label List of the Insects of the Dominion of Canada. C.B. Robinson, Toronto. 1 p.

    Brooks, S.J. (1994) A taxonomic review of the common green lacewing genus Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 63, 137–210.

    Brooks, S.J. (1997) An overview of the current status of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) systematics. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 44, 267–275.

    Brooks, S.J. & Barnard, P.C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 59, 117–286.

    Brown, A.W.A. (1934) A contribution to the insect fauna of Timagami. The Canadian Entomologist, 66, 206–211.

    Brown, N.R. & Clark, R.C. (1956) Studies of predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). II. An annotated list of the predators associated with the balsam woolly aphid in eastern Canada. The Canadian Entomologist, 88, 678–683.

    Brown, W.J. (1934) The entomological record, 1931, 1932, 1933. Report of the Quebec Society for Plant Protection 19321934, 25–26, 140–162.

    Brown, W.J. (1956) The New World Species of Chrysomela L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 88 (Suppl. 3), 1–54.

    Bryant, D.G. (1958) The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of New Brunswick, 19081958. University of New Brunswick Forestry Association, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 155 pp.

    Bucher, G.E. & Bracken, G.K. (1978) Chrysopid predation on the bertha armyworm. Manitoba Entomologist, 10 (1976), 26–30.

    Burgess, L. (1980) Predation on adults of the flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae by lacewing larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 112, 745–746.

    Burmeister, H.C.C. (1839) Handbuch der Entomologie. T.C.F. Enslin, Berlin. 2 (2), 397–1050.

    Canard, M. (2004) World distribution of the genus Nineta Navas 1912 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with some taxonomic notes. Denisia, 13, 153–161.

    Carpenter, G.D.H. (1938) Notes on insects collected in West Greenland by the Oxford University Greenland Expedition, 1936. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11. 1, 529–553.

    Carpenter, M. (1945) Bibliography of biographies of Entomologists. American Midland Naturalist, 33, 1–116.

    Carpenter, M. (1962) Bibliography of biographies of Entomologists (Supplement). American Midland Naturalist, 50, 257–348.

    Currie, R.P. (1904) An insect-collecting trip to British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 6, 24–37.

    Danks, H.V. (Ed.). (1979) Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 108, 1–573.

    Dennys, A.A. (1927) Some notes on the hibernating habits of insects in dry trees in the interior of B.C. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 24, 19–25.

    Dong, K.Z., Li, W.Z., Cui, J.Z., & Yang, X.K. (2004) Three new species of Dichochrysa (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with a checklist of Chinese Dichochrysa. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 52, 67–74.

    Dorokhova, G.I. (1979) The family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) in the USSR. Entomological Review (Washington DC), 58, 55–59.

    Downes, J.A. (1974) Sugar feeding by the larva of Chrysopa (Neuroptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 106, 121–125.

    Dustan, G.G. (1961) The Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha [sic] molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) in Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 91 (1960), 215–227.

    Dutilly, A. (1946) A list of insects of the Mackenzie River Basin. The Canadian Field-Naturalist, 60, 35–44.

    Dyar, H.G. (1904) The Lepidoptera of the Kootenai District of British Columbia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 27, 779–938.

    Esben-Petersen, P. (1918) Neuroptera and Mecoptera. In: Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg’s Swedish Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. Arkiv för Zoologi, 11 (26), 1–37.

    Farrar, J.L. (1995) Trees in Canada. The Canadian Forest Service in cooperation with the Canada Communication Group, Publishing. Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 502 pp.

    Ferguson, D.C. (1954) The Lepidoptera of Nova Scotia. Part 1, Macrolepidoptera. Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 23 (3), 161–375.

    Fitch, A. (1855) Report upon the noxious and other insects of the State of New York. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 14, 705–880.

    Fitch, A. (1856) First and Second Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects, of the State of New York. C. Van Benthuysen, Albany, New York. 176 pp.

    Flint, O.S., Jr. (2002) List of the name-bearing Neuropterida Types in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48 (Suppl. 2), 89–98.

    Fondren, K.M., McCullough, D.G., & Walter, A.J. (2004) Insect predators and augmentative biological control of balsam twig aphid (Mindarus abietinus Koch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Christmas Tree plantations. Environmental Entomology, 33, 1652–1661.

    Foster, R.E. (1942) Insects active throughout the winter at Vancouver, B.C. Part 1: Introduction and lists of the Coleoptera and Neuroptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 38 (1941), 19–23.

    Fristrup, B. (1942) Neuroptera and Trichoptera. Zoology of Iceland, 3, 1–23.

    Fyles, T.W. (1903) Insect Life. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 33 (1902), 23–31.

    Garland, J.A. (1979) Meleoma schwarzi: An addition to the Canadian fauna (Neuropteroida Planipennia: Chrysopidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 111, 745–746.

    Garland, J.A. (1982) [1984]. The Taxonomy of the Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta: Neuroptera). Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada. 1, 418 pp., 2, 132 figures, 24 maps. National Library of Canada, Microform, ISBN: 0315101962.

    Garland, J.A. (1984) Catalogue of Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Neuroptera). Neuroptera International, 3 (2), 93–94. [Legal Deposit: 1984]

    Garland, J.A. (1985a) Identification of Chrysopidae in Canada, with bionomic notes (Neuroptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 117, 737–762, 1278 (erratum).

    Garland, J.A. (1985b) Une nouvelle synonymie de Ceraeochrysa placita (Banks), espèce Nord-Américain, avec désignation d’un néotype (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Neuroptera International, 3 (3), 137–138. [Legal Deposit: 1985]

    Garland, J.A. (1985c) Corrigenda. Neuroptera International 3 (3), 149. [Legal Deposit: 1985]

    Garland, J.A. (Ed.). (1988a) Intercepted Plant Pests, 198586 / Ravageurs interceptés, 19851986. Agriculture Canada, Plant Health Division, Ottawa. 56 pp.

    Garland, J.A. (Ed.). (1988b) Intercepted Plant Pests, 198687 / Ravageurs interceptés, 19861987. Agriculture Canada, Plant Health Division, Ottawa. 56 pp.

    Garland, J.A. (1989) Phénologie de l’espèce holarctique Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) dans la partie septentrionale de l’Amérique du Nord. Neuroptera International, 5, 181–183.

    Garland, J.A. (2000) The Chrysopidae of Canada (Neuroptera): recent acquisitions chiefly in British Columbia and Yukon. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 97, 39–40.

    Garland, J.A. (2001) Rediscovery of Nineta gravida (Banks, 1911) in British Columbia and review of the genus Nineta Navás, 1912 in Canada (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Neuropterology, 3 (2000), 43–50.

    Garlick, W.G.P. (1955) Field studies of natural control of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), and of the interrelated fauna in apple orchards in Ontario. Annual Report of the Entomology Laboratory, Vineland Station, Canada Department of Agriculture, 2 (1955), 265–391.

    Gibson, A. (1910) The entomological record, 1909. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 40 (1909), 110–128.

    Gibson, A. (1912) The entomological record, 1911. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 42 (1911), 89–112.

    Gibson, A. (1913) The entomological record, 1912. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 43 (1912), 113–140.

    Gibson, A. (1914) The entomological record, 1913. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 44 (1913), 106–129.

    Gibson, A. (1915) The entomological record, 1914. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 45 (1914), 123–150.

    Gibson, A. (1939) The Canadian Entomological Service. Fifty years of retrospect, 1887 to 1937. VII Internationaler Kongress für Entomologie (Berlin), 3 (1938), 1429–1479.

    Gilbert, P. (1977) A Compendium of the Biographical Literature on Deceased Entomologists. British Museum (Natural History), London. Publication No. 786. 452 pp.

    Gill, B.D., Parker, D.J., Miller, Sylvia A., Phillippe, R.C., & White, G.P. (Eds.). (1994) Intercepted Plant Pests / Phytoravageurs interceptés, 19911994. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Production and Inspection Branch, Ottawa. 119 pp.

    Gill, B.D., Parker, D.J., Miller, Sylvia A., Phillippe, R.C., & White, G.P. (Eds.). (2001) Intercepted Plant Pests / Phytoravageurs interceptés, 19972000. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nepean, Ontario. 152 pp.

    Gosse, P.H. (1840) [1971]. The Canadian Naturalist. A series of conversations on the natural history of Lower Canada. J. Van Voorst, London. xii + 372 pp. Facsimile reprint, Coles Publishing Co., Toronto.

    Grobler, J.H. (1962) The life history and ecology of the woolly pine needle aphid, Schizolachnus pini-radiatae (Davidson) (Homoptera: Aphididae). The Canadian Entomologist, 94, 35–45.

    Hagen, H. (1861) Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with a list of South American species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, xx + 347 pp.

    Hagley, E.A.C. (1975) The arthropod fauna in unsprayed apple orchards in Ontario. II. Some predacious species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 105 (1974), 28–40.

    Hagley, E.A.C. (1979) Integrated pest management-insecticides and natural predator populations on apple. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 109 (1978), 9–21.

    Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L., & Waard, J.R.de. (2003) Biological identification through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Section B, 270, 313–321.

    Hemming, F. (Ed.). (1954) [March 8]. Opinion 211. Designation under the plenary powers, of a type species for the genera Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758, and Chrysopa Leach, 1815 (Class Insecta, Order Neuroptera) in harmony with accustomed usage. Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 4 (1), 1–14.

    Henriksen, K.L. (1939) A revised index of the insects of Grønland. Neuroptera. Meddelelser om Grønland, 119 (10), 1–112.

    Henry, C.S. (1985) The proliferation of cryptic species in Chrysoperla green lacewings through song divergence. Florida Entomologist, 68, 18–38.

    Henry, C.S. (1993) Chrysoperla johnsoni (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Acoustic evidence for full species status. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86, 14–25.

    Henry, C.S. & Wells, M.L.M. (2004) Adaptation or random change? The evolutionary response of songs to substrate properties in lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Animal Behaviour, 68, 879–895.

    Henry, C.S., Wells, M.M.[sic], & Pupedis, R.J. (1993) Hidden taxonomic diversity within Chrysoperla plorabunda (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Two new species based on courtship songs. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 86, 1–13.

    Henry, C.S., Wells, M.L.M., & Simon, C.M. (1999) Convergent evolution of courtship songs among cryptic species of the carnea group of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla). Evolution, 53, 1165–1179.

    Henry, C.S., Brooks, S.J., Thierry, D., Duelli, P., & Johnson, J.B. (2001) The common green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea s. lat.) and the sibling species problem. In: McEwen, P.K., New, T.R., & Whittington, A.E. (Eds.). (2001) Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press, 29–42.

    Henry, C.S., Brooks, S.J., Duelli, P., & Johnson, J.B. (2002) Discovering the true Chrysoperla carnea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using song analysis, morphology, and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95, 172–191.

    Herne, D.H.C. & Putman, W.L. (1966) Toxicity of some pesticides to predacious arthropods in Ontario peach orchards. The Canadian Entomologist, 98, 936–942.

    Hewitt, C.G. (1912) The control of insect pests in Canada. Dominion of Canada, Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Experimental Farms, Bulletin No. 4 (Bulletin No. 9 – Series 2). 13 pp.

    Holliday, N.J. (2005) Norman Criddle: Pioneer Entomologist of the prairies. 2004 Heritage Lecture. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada, 37 (2), 10–19.

    Howden, H.F. (1970) Coleoptera. In: Fauna of Sable Island and its Zoogeographic Affinities-A Compendium. National Museum of Natural Sciences of Canada, Publications in Zoology, 4, 1–45.

    Hydorn, S.B. & Whitcomb, W.H. (1979) Effects of larval diet on Chrysopa rufilabris. Florida Entomologist, 62, 293–298.

    Johnson, E.A. (2000) Focus on Field Stations: Kananaskis Field Stations, University of Calgary. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 81, 129–132.

    Judd, W.W. (1949) Emergence of the lacewing Chrysopa harrisii Fitch (Neuroptera) and three hymenopterous parasites from the cocoon. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 42, 461–464.

    Judd, W.W. (1964) Insects and spiders from goldenrod galls of Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Gelechiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 96, 987–990.

    Judd, W.W. (1967) Insects and other arthropods from year-old galls caused by Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on goldenrod. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 45, 49–56.

    Kevan, D.K. McE. (1979) Neuroptera. In: Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 108, 354–356.

    Kimmins, D.E. (1940) Notes on some types of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) in the British Museum collections. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 5, 442–449.

    Klassen, P., Westwood, A.R., Preston, W.B., & McKillop, W.B. (1989) The Butterflies of Manitoba. Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 290 pp.

    Kluge, N.J. (2005) Metamorphosis and homology of mouthparts in Neuropteroidea (Hexapoda: Metabola), with remaorks on systematics and nomenclature. Russian Entomological Journal, 14, 87–100.

    Krogerus, H. (1954) Investigations on the Lepidoptera of Newfoundland. I. Macrolepidoptera. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 82, 1–80.

    Lafrance, J. (1970a) Insects collected in the organic soil area of Ste-Clotilde, south-western Québec, from 1965 to 1969. Canada Department of Agriculture, St-Jean, Québec. Part 1, 45 pp. [Unnumbered Publication, Limited Edition].

    Lafrance, J. (1970b) Insects collected in the organic soil area of Ste-Clotilde, south-western Québec, from 1965 to 1969. Canada Department of Agriculture, St-Jean, Québec. Part 2, 62 pp. [Unnumbered Publication, Limited Edition].

    Langford, D. & Langford, S. (2002) Cycling the Kettle Valley Railway. Rocky Mountain Books, Calgary, Alberta. 3rd Edn. 256 pp.

    Langor, D.W. (2005) Grassland Project Action. Grassland Project Key Site 2005: Waterton Lakes National Park. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Newsletter (Published by the Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario), 11, 1–2. Available from: http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/english/newsletters.ht%grasslands (October, 2006)

    Leach, W.E. (1815) Entomology. In: Brewster, D. (Ed.). Edinburgh Encyclopedia, 9 (1), 57–172.

    Leraut, P. (1991) Les Chrysoperla de la faune de France (Neur. Chrysopidae). Entomologica Gallica, 2, 75–81.

    Lindroth, C.H. (1957) The faunal connections between Europe and North America. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York; Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm. 344 pp.

    Lord, F.T. (1983) The development of Agricultural Entomology in Nova Scotia. Proceedings of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science, 33, 19–46.

    McEwen, P.K., New, T.R., & Whittington, A.E. (Editors). (2001) Lacewings in crops: towards the future. In: McEwen, P.K., New, T.R., & Whittington, A.E. (Eds.). Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press, 521–522.

    MacLachlan, R.[1] (1868) A monograph of the British Neuroptera–Planipennia. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Memoir 9, ix (errata et addenda), 145–224.

    MacLachlan, R.[2] (1869) New species, &c., of Hemerobiina; with synonymic notes (first series). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 6, 21–27.

    McLachlan, R. (1875) Neuroptera s. str., Planipennia. In: Fedtschenko, A.P. (Ed.). Reise in Turkestan, 2, 1–24.

    MacLellan, C.R. (1986) Advancing Agriculture: A History, Kentville Research Station 19111986. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch. 185 pp.

    McMullen, R.D. (1971) Psylla pyricola Forster [sic], pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). In: Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada, 1959–1968. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control Technical Communication, 4, 33–38.

    McMullen, R.D. & Jong, C. (1967a) New records and discussion of predators of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Forster, in British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 64, 35–40.

    McMullen, R.D. & Jong, C. (1967b) The influence of three insecticides on predation of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola. The Canadian Entomologist, 99, 1292–1297.

    Madsen, B.J. & Morgan, C.V.G. (1975) Mites and insects collected from vineyards in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys, British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 72, 9–14.

    Maw, H.E.L., Foottit, R.G., Hamilton, K.G.A., & Scudder, G.G.E. (2000) Checklist of the Hemiptera of Canada and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario. 220 pp.

    Miller, S.J. (Ed.). (1991) Intercepted Plant Pests / Ravageurs interceptés, 19901991. Agriculture Canada, Food Production and Inspection Branch, Ottawa. 61 pp.

    Monserrat, V.J., Oswald, J.D., Tauber, C.A., & Diaz-Aranda, L.M. (2001) Recognition of larval Neuroptera. In: McEwen, P.K., New, T.R., & Whittington, A.E. (Eds.). (2001) Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press, 43–81.

    Morgantini, L.E. (1995) The Ya Ha Tinda. An ecological overview. Wildlife Resources Consulting Ltd., Edmonton. A Report prepared for Parks Canada, Alberta Region, Calgary. Parts 1 and 2. 110 pp. Available from: http://www.rr.ualberta.ca/research/wildlife_impacts/yaha/YAHATINDA_overview_part2.pdf (October, 2006)

    Morris, R.F. (1980) Butterflies and Moths of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Macrolepidoptera. Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, St. John’s West Research Station, Newfoundland. Publication 1691. 407 pp.

    Morton, A.S. (1937) Under Western Skies, Being a series of pen-pictures of the Canadian West in early fur trade times. Thomas Nelson and Sons Limited, Toronto. 232 pp.

    Navás, L. (1910) Crisópidos nuevos. Brotéria, serie zoologica, 9, 38–59.

    Navás, L. (1912) Crisópidos y hemeróbidos (ins. Neuroptera) nuevos ó críticos. Brotéria, serie zoologica, 10, 98–113.

    Navás, L. (1913) Les chrysopides (Ins. Névr.) du Musée de Londres. Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles, Mémoir 37, 292–330.

    Navás, L. (1914) Les Chrysopides (Ins. Névr.) du Musée de Londres. Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles, Mémoir 38 (1913), 73–114.

    Nechols, J.R., Tauber, M.J., & Tauber, C.A. (1987) Geographical variability in ecophysiological traits controlling dormancy in Chrysopa oculata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 33, 627–633.

    Nel, A., Delclos, X., & Hutin, A. (2005) Mesozoic chrysopid-like Planipennia: a phylogenetic approach (Insecta: Neuroptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (n.s.), 41, 29–69.

    New, T.R. (1975) The biology of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera), with a refence to their usage as biocontrol agents: a review. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, 127, 115–140.

    New, T.R. (2001) Introduction to the systematics and distribution of Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae, and Chrysopidae used in pest management. In: McEwen, P.K., New, T.R., and Whittington, A.E. (Eds.). 2001. Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press, 6–28.

    Newman, E. (1853) Proposed division of Neuroptera into two classes. The Zoologist, 11 (Appendix), clxxxi-cciv [181–204].

    Parfin, S.I. (1952) The Megaloptera and Neuroptera of Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist, 47, 421–434.

    Penny, N.D. (2006) Two new species of Meleoma (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from western North America, with a revised key to species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99, 58–63.

    Penny, N.D., Adams, P.A., & Stange, L.A. (1997) Species catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America north of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 50, 39–114.

    Penny, N.D., Tauber, C.A., & Leon, T.de. (2000) A new species of Chrysopa from western North America with a key to North American species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 776–784.

    Philogene, B.J.R. & Chang, J.F. (1979) New records of parasitic chalcidoids of pear psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Ontario, with observations on the current world status of its parasitoids and predators. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 109 (1978), 53–60.

    Place, I.C.M. (2002) 75 Years of Research in the Woods: A History of Petawawa Forest Experiment Station and Petawawa National Forestry Institute, 19181993. General Store Publishing House, Burnstown, Ontario. 205 pp.

    Poole, R.W. & Gentili, P. (1996) Nomina Insecta Nearctica: A Check List of the Insects of North America. Entomological Information Services, Rockville, Maryland. 2, 793 pp.

    Prévost, Y.H. & Groot, P.de. (1993) Entomology in Ontario. The Entomological Society of Ontario. 2nd Edn. 68 pp.

    Provancher, L. (1869) Insectes utiles. Les chrysopes. Naturaliste Canadien (Québec), 1, 138–140.

    Provancher, L. (1871a) L’hémérobe. Naturaliste Canadien (Québec), 3, 142.

    Provancher, L. (1871b) Liste des Névroptères pris à Québec. Naturaliste Canadien (Québec), 3, 267–269.

    Provancher, L. (1877a) Troisième ordre les névroptères, Neuroptera. Petite faune entomologique du Canada, et particulièrement de la Province de Québec, 2, 57–157.

    Provancher, L. (l’Abbé). (1877b) Les insectes-Névroptères. Naturaliste Canadien (Québec), 9, 201–205.

    Putman, W.L. (1932a) Chrysopids as a factor in the natural control of the Oriental fruit moth. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 62 (1931), 44–45.

    Putman, W.L. (1932b) Chrysopids as a factor in the natural control of the Oriental fruit moth. The Canadian Entomologist, 64, 121–126.

    Putman, W.L. (1937) Biological notes on the Chrysopidae. Canadian Journal of Research, 15 (D), 29–37.

    Putman, W.L. (1955) Bionomics of Stethorus punctillum Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Ontario. The Canadian Entomologist, 87, 9–33.

    Putman, W.L. (1956) Differences in susceptibility of two species of Chrysopa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to DDT. The Canadian Entomologist, 88, 520.

    Putman, W.L. (1963a) The codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): a review with special reference to Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 93 (1962), 22–60.

    Putman, W.L. (1963b) Nectar of peach-leaf glands as insect food. The Canadian Entomologist, 95, 108–109.

    Putman, W.L. & Herne, D.C. (1958) Natural control of phytophagous mites (Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae) in Ontario peach orchards. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Entomology (Montreal), 4 (1956), 667–673.

    Putman, W.L. & Herne, D.C. (1960) Effects of sevin on phytophagous mites and predators in an Ontario peach orchard. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 40, 198–201.

    Putman, W.L. & Herne, D.C. (1966) The role of predators and other biotic agents in regulating the population density of phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards. The Canadian Entomologist, 98, 808–820.

    Riegert, P.W. (1989a) Entomologists of Alberta. The Entomological Society of Canada, and The Entomological Society of Alberta. 56 pp.

    Riegert, P.W. (1989b) Entomologists of Manitoba. The Entomological Society of Canada, and The Entomological Society of Manitoba. 69 pp.

    Riegert, P.W. (1990) Entomologists of Saskatchewan. The Entomological Society of Canada, and The Entomological Society of Saskatchewan. 49 pp.

    Riegert, P.W. (1991) Entomologists of British Columbia. The Entomological Society of Canada, and The Entomological Society of British Columbia. 90 pp.

    Riotte, J.C.E. (1992) Annotated List of Ontario Lepidoptera. Miscellaneous Publications of the Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences. viii + 208 pp.

    Roble, S.M. & Flint, O.S.,Jr. (2001) Five northern lacewings new to the Virginia fauna, including significant southern range extensions for Eremochrysa canadensis and Hemerobius costalis (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae). Banisteria, 18, 31–34.

    Robinson, A.G. (1952) Annotated list of predators of tetranychid mites in Manitoba. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 82 (1951), 33–37.

    Rockburne, E.W. & Lafontaine, J.D. (1976) The Cutworm Moths of Ontario and Quebec. Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Publication 1593. 164 pp.

    Ross, W.A. (1932) History of the Oriental fruit moth infestation in the Niagara Peninsula. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 62 (1931), 40–43.

    Ross, W.A. & Putman, W.L. (1934) The economic insect fauna of Niagara peach orchards. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 64 (1933), 36–41.

    Rubinoff, D. & Holland, B.S. (2005) Between two extremes: mitochondrial DNA is neither the panacea nor the nemesis of phylogenetic and taxconomic inference. Systematic Biology, 54, 952–961.

    Saunders, W. (1875) List of Neuroptera collected chiefly in the neighbourhood of London, Ont. The Canadian Entomologist, 7, 152–154.

    Schneider, G.T. (1851) Symbolae ad Monographiam Generis Chrysopae, Leach. Vratislaviae. 178 pp., pl. 1–60.

    Scopoli, J.A. (1763) Entomologia Carniolica. J.T. Trattner, Vindobonae.

    Scudder, G.G.E. (1979) Present patterns in the fauna and flora of Canada. In: Danks, H.V. (Ed.). Canada and its insect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 108, 87–179.

    Scudder, G.G.E. (1994) An annotated systematic list of the potentially rare and endangered freshwater and terrestrial invertebrates in British Columbia. Occasional Papers of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 2, 1–92.

    Séméria, Y. (1977) Discussion de la validité taxonomique du sous-genre Chrysoperla Steinmann (Planipennia, Chrysopidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie, 7, 235–238.

    Séméria, Y. & Nel, A. (1990) Paleochrysa monteilsensis gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil of Chrysopidae from the Upper Eocene formation of Monteils (France), with a review of known chrysopid fossils (Insecta: Neuroptera). In: Mansell, M.W. & Aspöck, H. (Eds.). Advances in Neuropterology, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Neuropterology. South African Department of Agricultural Development, Pretoria S.A., 27–32.

    Sheldon, J.K. & MacLeod, E.G. (1971) Studies on the biology of the Chrysopidae. II. The feeding behavior of the adult of Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera). Psyche, 78, 107–121.

    Smith, R.C. (1922) The biology of the Chrysopidae. Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, 58, 1287–1372, pl. 55–58.

    Smith, R.C. (1932) The Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) of Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 25, 579–601.

    Spencer, G.J. (1942) A preliminary list of the Neuroptera of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 38 (1941), 23–28.

    Steenburgh, W.E. (1931) The biological control factors affecting the abundance of the Oriental fruit moth (Laspeyresia molesta Busck) in Ontario during 1930. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 61 (1930), 57–65.

    Steinmann, H. (1964) The Chrysopa species (Neuroptera) of Hungary. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationales Hungarici, 56, 257–266.

    Stephens, J.F. (1836) Illustrations of British Entomology. Mandibulata, 6. London.

    Tauber, C.A. (1969) Taxonomy and biology of the lacewing genus Meleoma (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 58, 1–94.

    Tauber, C.A. (1974) Systematics of North American chrysopid larvae: Chrysopa carnea group (Neuroptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 106, 1133–1153.

    Tauber, C.A. (2003) Generic characteristics of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with new larval descriptions and a review of species from the United States and Canada. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 96, 472–490.

    Tauber, C.A. & Tauber, M.J. (1973) Diversification and secondary intergradation of two Chrysopa carnea strains (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 105, 1153–1167.

    Tauber, C.A. & Tauber, M.J. (1982) Evolution of seasonal adaptations and life history traits in Chrysopa: response to diverse selective pressures. In: Dingle, H. & Hegmann, J.P. (Eds.), Evolution and Genetics of Life Histories. Springer-Verlag, New York, 51–72.

    Tauber, C.A., Tauber, M.J., & Milbrath, L.R. (1995) Individual repeatability and geographical variation in the larval behaviour of the generalist predator, Chrysopa quadripunctata. Animal Behaviour, 50, 1391–1403.

    Tauber, C.A., León, T.de, López-Arroyo, J.I., & Tauber, M.J. (1998) Ceraeochrysa placita (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): generic characteristics of larvae, larval descriptions, and life-cycle. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 608–618.

    Tauber, C.A., León, T.de, Penny, N.D., & Tauber, M.J. (2000) The genus Ceraeochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of America north of Mexico: larvae, adults, and comparative biology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 1195–1221.

    Tauber, M.J. & Tauber, C.A. (1974) Thermal accumulations, diapause, and oviposition in a conifer-inhabiting predator, Chrysopa harrisii (Neuroptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 106, 969–978.

    Throne, A.L. (1971) The Neuroptera-suborder Planipennia of Wisconsin. Part 1. Introduction and Chrysopidae. Michigan Entomologist, 4, 65–78.

    Tjeder, B. (1952) Specimina typorum insectorum a Carolo Linnaeo descriptorum in Museo Degeeriano asservata. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 73, 203–206.

    Tjeder, B. (1960) Neuroptera from Newfoundland, Miquelon, and Labrador. Opuscula Entomologica, 25, 146–149.

    Tjeder, B. (1966) Chapter II. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanström, B., Brinck, P., & Rudebeck, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life, 12, 228–534.

    Toschi, C.A. (1965) The taxonomy, life histories, and mating behavior of the green lacewings of Strawberry Canyon (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Hilgardia, 36 (11), 391–431, Appendix.

    Walker, F. (1853) List of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Part II. (Sialidae - Nemopterides). Introduction by J.E. Gray. Printed by Edward Newman, Bishopsgate, London. [Short Title: Neuroptera in British Museum], Part II, 193–476.

    Watson, T.K. & Wilde, W.H.A. (1963) Laboratory and field observations of the pear psylla in British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist, 95, 435–438.

    Webb, F.E. (1964) A history of forest entomology in Manitoba. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Manitoba, 19 (1963), 12–24.

    Westigard, P.H., Gentner, L.G., & Berry, D.W. (1968) Present status of biological control of the pear psylla in southern Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 61, 740–743.

    Wiersema, J.H. & León, B. (1999) World Economic Plants. A Standard Reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington DC. 749 pp.

    Wheeler, T.A., Huber, J.T., & Currie, D.C. (2001) Label data standards for terrestrial arthropods. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods). Document Series, 8, 1–20.

    Wilde, W.H.A. (1962) Bionomics of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster in pear orchards of the Kootenay Valley of British Columbia, 1960. The Canadian Entomologist, 94, 845–849.

    Wilde, W.H.A. (1963) Hyperpredators of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Chermidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 60, 48–49.

    Wilde, W.H.A. & Watson, T.K. (1963) Bionomics of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41, 953–961.

    Winterton, S. & Freitas, S.de. (2006) Molecular phylogeny of the green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 45, 235–243.

    Yang, X.K. (1991) Dichochrysa nom. nov. for Navasius Yang and Yang 1990 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) nec Esben-Petersen 1936 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). In: Zhang, G. (Ed.). Scientific Treatise on the Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology, 1, 150.

    Yang, X.K. & Yang, C.K. (1990) Navasius, a new genus of Chrysopinae (I) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 15, 327–338.