Abstract
The genus Zachaenus Cope is the least specious within Cycloramphidae, including two species: Z. carvalhoi Izecksohn, and Z. parvulus (Girard). Both are leaf litter species distributed across Atlantic forest remnants in Southeastern Brazil. Zachaenus carvalhoi occurs westerly in the states of Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, and Z. parvulus easterly in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo (Verdade et al. 2009; Motta et al. 2010; Salles & Maciel 2010; Oliveira et al. 2012; Guedes et al. 2019; Frost 2019). Both species build terrestrial nests, and larval development is endotrophic nidicolous (reproductive mode 21 after Haddad & Prado 2005; Lutz 1944; Thibaudeau & Altig 1999; Zocca et al. 2014). In this work, we describe the tadpoles of Z. carvalhoi, and discuss morphological aspects regarding other endotrophic tadpoles.
References
Altig, R. & McDiarmid, R.W. (1999) Body Plan: Development and Morphology. In: McDiarmid, R.W. & Altig, R. (Eds.), Tadpoles, the Biology of Anuran Larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 24–51.
Frost, D.R. (2019) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Available from http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/ (accessed 5 April 2019)
Gosner, K.L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16 (2), 183–190.
Guedes, J.J.M., Assis, C.L., Novaes, C.M., Dergam, J.A. & Feio, R.N. (2019) Filling knowledge gaps about the Data Deficient species Zachaenus carvalhoi Izecksohn, 1982 (Anura: Cycloramphidae): an endemic frog from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes, 12, 113–204.
Haddad, C.F.B. & Prado, C.P.A. (2005) Reproductive modes in frogs and their unexpected diversity in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. BioScience, 55, 207–217.
https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0207:RMIFAT]2.0.CO;2
Heyer, W.R. (1983) Variation and systematics of frogs of the genus Cycloramphus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 30, 235–339. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v30i4p235-339
Heyer, W.R. & Crombie, R.I. (1979) Natural history notes on Craspedoglossa stejnegeri and Thoropa petropolitana (Amphibia: Salientia, Leptodactylidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, 69, 17–20.
Heyer, W.R. & Maxson, L.R. (1983) Relationships, zoogeography, and speciation mechanisms of frogs of the genus Cycloramphus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, São Paulo, 30, 341–373.
Jetz, W. & Pyron, R.A. (2018) The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2 (5), 850–858.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0515-5
Lutz, B. (1944) Biologia e taxonomia de Zachaenus parvulus. Boletim do Museu Nacional de Zoologia, 17, 1–65.
Motta, A.P., Pirani, R.M., Silva, E.T., Santana, D.J., Mângia, S. & Feio, R.N. (2010) New record and distribution extension of Zachaenus carvalhoi Izecksohn 1983 (Anura, Cycloramphidae) in south-eastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes, 3, 85–86.
Oliveira, J.C.F., Coco, L., Pagotto, R.V., Pralon, E., Vrcibradic, D., Pombal, J.P. & Rocha, C.F.D. (2012) Amphibia, Anura, Brachycephalus didactylus (Izecksohn, 1971) and Zachaenus parvulus (Girard, 1853): Distribution extension. Check List, 8 (2), 242–244.
https://doi.org/10.15560/8.2.242
Salles, R.O.L. & Maciel, D.B. (2010) Amphibia, Anura, Cycloramphidae, Zachaenus carvalhoi Izecksohn, 1983: Distribution extension. Check List, 6 (3), 458–459.
https://doi.org/10.15560/6.3.458
Thibaudeau, G. & Altig, R. (1999) Endotrophic anurans. Development and evolution. In: McDiarmid, R.W. & Altig, R. (Eds.), Tadpoles, the Biology of Anuran Larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 24–51.
Vera Candioti, M.F., Nuñez, J.J. & Úbeda, C.A. (2011) Development of the nidicolous tadpoles of Eupsophus emiliopugini (Anura: Cycloramphidae) until metamorphosis, with comments on systematic relationships of the species and its endotrophic developmental mode. Acta Zoologica, 92, 27–45.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00448.x
Verdade, V.K. (2005) Relações filogenéticas entre as espécies dos gêneros Cycloramphus Tschudi 1838 e Zachaenus Cope 1866 (Anura, Leptodactylidae). PhD Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 241 pp.
Verdade, V.K., Cassimiro, J. & Rodrigues, M.T. (2009) Amphibia, Anura, Cycloramphidae, Zachaenus carvalhoi Izecksohn, 1983 and Z. parvulus (Girard, 1853): Filling gap and geographic distribution map for the genus. Check List, 5 (4), 755–758.
https://doi.org/10.15560/5.4.755
Zocca, C.Z., Ferreira, F.C.L. & Ferreira, R.B. (2014) Observações sobre a história natural de Zachaenus carvalhoi Izecksohn, 1983 “1982” Amphibian: Anura: Cycloramphidae). Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão, 34, 63–74.