Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Monograph
Published: 2007-06-14
Page range: 1–80
Abstract views: 69
PDF downloaded: 2

New specific synonymies and taxonomic notes on Neotropical black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) belonging to the subgenera Chirostilbia Enderlein, Hemicnetha Enderlein, Inaequalium Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, Psaroniocompsa Enderlein  and Psilopelmia Enderlein

Diptera Division, Simuliidae and Onchocerciasis Research Programme, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK
Diptera Division, Simuliidae and Onchocerciasis Research Programme, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Diptera Simuliidae Neotropical region taxonomy new synonyms new type designations

Abstract

In this paper we clarify the status of some poorly known black fly species from the Neotropical region. Information is provided about their depositories, their condition and on previously established synonyms. Nineteen new synonyms and three new type designations are made based on an examination of type material. The following new synonyms (in brackets) are proposed: S. subpallidum Lutz (= S. acarayense as S. acarayensis Coscarón & Wygodzinsky); S. spinibranchium Lutz (= S. laneportoi Vargas, S. striginotum Enderlein); S. rubrithorax Lutz (= S. mutucuna Nunes de Mello & Vieira da Silva); S. inaequale (Paterson & Shannon) (= Trichodagmia manicata Enderlein, S. clarki Fairchild, S. pseudoexiguum Nunes de Mello & Almeida); S. subnigrum Lutz (= S. subclavibranchium Lutz, S. nahimi Py-Daniel, S.

References

  1. Amaral-Calvão, A.M.R. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2003) Coleção de simuliídeos (Diptera-Simuliidae) de Adolpho Lutz, sua história e importância. História, Ciências, Saúde Manguinhos, 10(1), 259–271.

    Amaral-Calvão, A.M.R., Sá, R.M. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2006) Observation of the morphological characters in slide-mounted simuliids (Diptera, Simuliidae) deteriorated by age or fungus contamination. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23: 302–306.

    Bequaert, J.C. (1934) Part III. Notes on the black flies or Simuliidae with special reference to those of the Onchocerca region of Guatemala. Pp. 175–224. In Onchocerciasis with special reference to the Central American form of the disease. Contributions from the Department of Tropical Medicine and the Institute for Tropical Biology and Medicine, 6, i–xiv, 1–234.

    Briceño Iragorry, L. (1943) Nota sobre los simulidos del valle de Caracas. Boletin de laboratorio de la clínica Luis Razetti, 3, 19–43.

    Briceño Iragorry, L. (1946) Breve nota acerca de un nuevo simulido para al país. Boletin de laboratorio de la clínica Luis Razetti, 7, 19–43.

    Briceño Iragorry, L. & Ortiz, I. (1957) Los Simulidos de Venezuela (Importancia Médica. Morfológia y Sistemática. Distribución Geográfica.). Boletin Venezolana del Laboratorio Clínico, 2, 23–57.

    Charalambous, M., Shelley, A.J., Maia Herzog, M. & Luna Dias, A.P.A. (1996) Four new cytotypes of the onchocerciasis vector blackfly Simulium guianense in Brazil. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 10, 111–120.

    Coscarón, S. (1968) Ampliación del área de distribución de Simuliidae (Diptera) en Argentina. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 30, 65–67.

    Coscarón, S. (1982) Notas sobre simulidos neotropicales X. Sobre un grupo peculiar de especies del genero Simulium del S.E. de Brasil, Paraguay y N.O. de Argentina (Diptera-Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 41, 65–76.

    Coscáron, S. (1985) Revisión del subgénero Simulium (Ectemnaspis) Enderlein (Simuliidae, Diptera, Insecta). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 43: 283–325.

    Coscarón, S. (1987) El género Simulium Latreille en la región neotropical: análisis de los grupos supraespecíficos, especies que los integran y distribución geográfica (Simuliidae, Diptera). 112pp. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.

    Coscarón, S. (1991) Simuliidae. Fauna de Agua Dulce de la Republica Argentina 38 (Insecta Diptera) (2), 1–304 [+78pp. figures and figure legends].

    Coscarón & Coscarón-Arias (2007). Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta). In: Adis, J., Arias, J.R., Rueda-Delgado, G. & K.M.Wantzen (Eds.): Aquatic Biodiversity in Latin America (ABLA). Vol. 3. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, 685 pp.

    Coscarón, S. & Coscarón-Arias, C.L. (1997) Cladistic analysis of the subgenera Inaequalium, Psaroniocompsa, and Chirostilbia of the genus Simulium, with comments on their distribution. Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 56, 109–121.

    Coscarón, S., Ibáñez Bernal, S. & Coscarón-Arias, C.L. (1996) Revisión de Simulium (Psilopelmia) Enderlein en la región neotropical y análisis cladístico de sus especies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana, 69, 37–104.

    Coscarón, S., Lopes de Cerqueira, Schumaker, T.T.S. & La Salvia Filho, V. (1992) Nuevos datos sobre distribución de simulideos de Brasil y descripción de Simulium (Coscaróniellum) cerradense n.sp. (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 36, 111–119.

    Coscarón, S. & Miranda-Esquivel, D.R. (1998) New synonymy to Simulium (Inaequalium) inaequale (Paterson & Shannon, 1927). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 93, 337.

    Coscarón, S., Miranda-Esquivel, D.R., Moulton, J.K., Coscarón-Arias, C. & Ibañez Bernal, S. (2004) Simulium (Hearlea) Vargas, Martínez Palacios & Díaz Nájera (Diptera: Simuliidae): Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis. Zootaxa, 396, 1–52.

    Coscarón, S. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1960) Sobre la presencia de la familia Simuliidae (Diptera, Insecta) en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Orientación Médica, 432, 1124–1125.

    Coscarón, S. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1972) Notas sobre simulidos neotropicales. Sobre tres especies de jejenes con hembras de color claro del S. E. del Paraguay y del N. E. de Argentina (Simuliidae-Diptera). Revista del Museo de La Plata (N.S.) Sección Zoología, 11, 203–231.

    Coscarón, S. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1973) Notas sobre simulidos neotropicales. IV. Sobre la presencia de Simulium inaequale Paterson & Shannon en el noreste de la Argentina y sudeste del Paraguay, y una especie muy afin (Diptera, Simuliidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 34, 141-149.

    Coscarón, S. & Wygodzinsky, P. (1984) Notas sobre Simúlidos Neotropicales VII. Sobre los subgéneros Psaroniocompsa Enderlein y Inaequalium subgen. nov. Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, 37–103.

    Crosskey, R.W. (1988) An annotated checklist of the world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Pp. 425–520. In Kim, K.C. & Merritt, R.W., eds., Blackflies: Ecology, population management, and an annotated world list. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

    Crosskey R.W. (1991) A new checklist of the blackflies of Britain and Ireland, with geographical and type information (Diptera: Simuliidae). Entomologist’s Gazette, 42, 206–217.

    Crosskey, R.W. (1999) First update to the taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 10pp.

    Crosskey, R.W. (2002) Second update to the taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 14pp.

    Crosskey, R.W. & Howard, T.M. (1997) A new taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies(Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 144pp.

    Crosskey, R.W. & Howard, T.M. (2004) A revised taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 82pp. [web version: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/ projects/blackflies/Inventory.pdf] [Last accessed 27 December 2006.]

    Dalmat, H.T. (1955) The black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Guatemala and their role as vectors of onchocerciasis. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Publications, 125, vii + 1–425.

    Dampf, A. (1928) Un simúlido nuevo de México (Orden Diptera, Sub-orden Nematocera) procedente de Tiltepec, Estado de Oaxaca. Revista Mexicana de Biología, 7, 125–130.

    D’Andretta, A.V. & D’Andretta, C. (1950) Espécies Neotropicais da família “Simuliidae” Schiner (Diptera Nematocera) VI- Redescrição de Simulium pertinax Kollar, 1832. Papéis Avulsos Departamento do Zoologia São Paulo, 9, 193–213.

    D’Andretta, C. & González B., D. (1964) Três novas espécies brasileiras de Simuliidae (Diptera Nematocera). Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 30, 103–116.

    Díaz Nájera, L. (1965) Acerca de un nuevo simúlido mexicano (Diptera: Simuliidae). Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 15, 25–45.

    Dyar, H.G. & Shannon, R.C. (1927) The North American two-winged flies of the family Simuliidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1–54.

    Edwards, F.W. (1921) On the British species of Simulium. II. The early stages; with corrections and additions to part I. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 11, 211–246.

    Edwards, F.W. (1931) Simuliidae. Pp. 121–154 in Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part II Nematocera (excluding crane-flies and Mycetophilidae). 331pp. British Museum (Natural History), London.

    Eaton, D.P., Diaz, L.A., Hans-Filho, G., Santos, V. D., Aoki, V., Friedman, H., Rivitti, E.A., Sampaiao, S. A. P., Gottlieb, M. S., Giudice, G. J., Lopez, A. & Cupp, E. W. (1998). Comparison of black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) on an Amerindian reservation with a high prevalence of fogo selvagem to neighbouring disease-free sites in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, 35, 120–131.

    Enderlein, G. (1921a) Das System der Kriebelmücken (Simuliidae). Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 29, 197–200. [Actual publication date was April 1921.].

    Enderlein, G. (1921b) Neue paläarktische Simuliiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1921, 212–224. [Actual publication date was June 1921.].

    Enderlein, G. (1921c) Die systematische Gliederung der Simuliiden. Zoologischen Anzeiger, 3, 43–46.

    Enderlein, G. (1921d) Neue aussereuropäische Simuliden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 4–5, 77–81.

    Enderlein, G. (1934a) Weiterer Ausbau des Systems der Simuliiden. (Dip.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1933, 273–292.

    Enderlein, G. (1934b) Aussereuropäische Simuliiden aus dem Wiener Museum. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde, 1934, 190–195.

    Enderlein, G. (1936) Simuliologica I. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde ausegegeben zu Berlin, 1936, 114–130.

    Fairchild, G.B. (1940) Notes on the Simuliidae of Panama (Dipt., Nematocera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 33, 701–719.

    Fox, I. (1953) Notes on Puerto Rican Simuliidae from light traps (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 55, 135–140.

    Gil-Azevedo, L.H. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2004) Registros novos de ocorrência de seis especies de Simuliidae (Diptera) para o estado do Rio de Janeiro. Biotrópica, 4, 1–3.

    Gil-Azevedo, L., Figueiró, R. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2005) Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) stellatum (Diptera: Simuliidae, a black fly from the high mountain range in southern Brazil. Zootaxa, 922, 1–12.

    Hamada, N., Hernández, L.M. & Luz, S.L.B. (2006a) Taxonomy of Simulium guaporense Py-Daniel (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Brazil, with the first description of the male and female. Zootaxa, 1104, 23–34.

    Hamada, N., Hernández, L.M., Luz, S.L.B. & Pepinelli, M. (2006b) Simulium (Chirostilbia) jefersoni, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the state of Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1123, 21–37.

    Hamada, N., Luz, S.L.B. & Coscarón, S. (2004) New morphological information on Simulium cerradense adults and new records of black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the western region of Bahia state, Brazil. Zootaxa, 693, 1–8.

    Hamada, N. & Pepinelli, M. (2004) Simulium (Chirostilbia) bifenestratum (Diptera, Simuliidae), a new black-fly species from Atlantic Forest, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99, 45–52.

    Hernández, L.M. & Shelley, A.J. (2005) New specific synonymies and taxonomic notes on Neotropical blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa, 853, 1–46.

    Hernández, L.M., Luna Dias, A.P.A., Maia-Herzog, M. & Shelley, A.J. (2006) Taxonomy of Simulium (Inaequalium) petropoliense Coscarón from Brazil, with first description of the male and larva. Zootaxa, 1275, 1–20.

    Hernández, L.M., Shelley, A.J., Luna Dias, A.P.A. & Maia-Herzog, M. (2005) Re-description of the female, male and pupa of Simulium itaunense D’Andretta & González B. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Zootaxa, 896, 1–14.

    International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th Edition, The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, xix + 273 pp.

    Jennings, A. (1915) Two new species of Simuliidae from tropical America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 17, 199–200.

    Knowlton, G.F. & Rowe, J.A. (1934) New black flies from Utah (Simuliidae, Diptera). Annals Entomological Society of America, 27, 580–584.

    Knab, F. (1913) A note on some American Simulidae. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 1, 154–156.

    Knab F. (1914) Simuliidae of Peru. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 27, 81–86.

    Knab, F. (1915) Some new Neotropical Simuliidae. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 6, 279–282.

    Lane, J. & Porto, C.E. (1940) Simulideos da região neotrópical. III - Descrição de novas especies dos generos Simulium e Eusimulium. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico, 11, 189–195.

    Luna Dias, A.P.A., Hernández, L.M., Maia-Herzog, M. & Shelley, A.J. (2004) Simulium lobatoi, a new species of blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the states of Mato Grosso and Goiás, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99, 37–43.

    Lundström, C. (1911) Beiträge zur kenntnis der dipteren Finlands VII. Melusinidae (Simuliidae). Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 34: 1–23

    Lutz, A. (1909) Contribuição para o conhecimento das especies brazileiras do genero "Simulium". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 1, 124–146.

    Lutz, A. (1910) Segunda contribuição para o conhecimento das especies brazileiras do genero "Simulium". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2, 213–267.

    Lutz, A. & Machado, A. (1915) Viajem pelo rio S. Francisco e por alguns dos seus afluentes entre Pirapora e Joazeiro. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 7: 5–49.

    Maia-Herzog, M., Shelley, A.J., Luna Dias, A.P.A. & Malaguti, R. (1984) Comparação entre Simulium brachycladum e S. rubrithorax, suas posições no subgénero Hemicnetha e notas sobre uma espécie proxima, S. scutistriatum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 79, 341–356.

    Malloch, J.R. (1912) One new genus and eight new species of dipterous insects in the United States National Museum collection. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 43, 649–658 + 1 plate.

    Nunes de Mello, J.A. & Barbosa de Almeida, F. (1974) Simuliidae da Amazônia VII. Descrição de Simulium pseudoexiguum sp. n. (Diptera, Nematocera). Acta Amazonica, 4, 65–68.

    Nunes de Mello, J.A. & Vieira da Silva, E. (1974) Simuliidae da Amazônia VIII. Descrição de Simulium mutucuna sp. n. (Diptera, Nematocera). Acta Amazonica, 4, 69–71.

    Paterson, G. & Shannon, R.C. (1927) Los simúlidos del noroeste Argentino. Revista del Instituto Bacteriológico, 4, 737–742.

    Pepinelli, M. Hamada, N. & Luz, S.L.B. (2006) Simulium (Inaequalium) margaritatum, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the central region of Bahia State, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1167, 47–60.

    Pepinelli, M. & Trivinho-Strixino, S. (2002) Colonizaçao de substratos artificiais de diferentes cores por imaturos de Simulium inaequale Paterson & Shannon, 1927 (Diptera, Simuliidae). Entomologia y Vectores, 9, 349–357.

    Pepinelli, M., Trivinho-Strixino,T. & Hamada, N. (2005) Imaturos de Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) e caracterização de seus criadouros no Parque Estadual Intervales, SP, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 49, 527–530.

    Pessoa, F.A.C., Ríos-Velásquez, C.M.R. & Py-Daniel, V. (2005) First survey of Simuliidae (Diptera) from the north of Ceará state, Brazil, with description of a new species and identification keys for the immature stages. Zootaxa, 1051, 1–18.

    Peterson, B.V., Vargas, V. M. & Ramírez Pérez, J. (1988) Simulium (Hemicnetha) hieroglyphicum (Diptera: Simuliidae), a new black fly species from Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 90, 76–86.

    Pinto, C. (1932) Simuliidae da America Central e do Sul. Reunión de la Sociedad Argentina de Patologia Regional del Norte [1931] 7, 661–763 + I [corrigenda]

    Porto, C.E. (1940). Simulideos da região neotropica. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de So Paulo 1, 383–385.

    Py-Daniel, V. (1984) Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) no Brasil. II. Sobre o Simulium nahimi sp. n. Boletin do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Zoologia, 1, 125–137.

    Py-Daniel, V. (1987) Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicomorpha) no Brasil. V. Sobre o Simulium (Chirostilbia) friedlanderi sp. n. e revisão do Simulium (C.) laneportoi Vargas, 1941. Revista da Saúde Pública, 21: 331–341.

    Py-Daniel, V. & Moreira, G.R.P. (1989). Simuliidae (Diptera, Culicomorpha) no Brasil IX. Simulium (Inaequalium) nogueirai D’Andretta & González, 1964. IHERINGIA. Série Zoologia, 69, 85–95.

    Py-Daniel, V. & Moreira Sampaio, R.T. (1994a). Jalacingomyia gen.n. (Culicomorpha); a ressurreição de Gymnopaidinae; a eliminação do nivel tribal; apresentação de novos caracteres e redescrição dos estágios larval e pupal de Simulium columbaschense (Fabricius, 1787) (Diptera: Simuliidae). Memorias del CAICET, 4, 101–148.

    Py-Daniel, V. & Moreira Sampaio, R.T. (1994b) Actualização nomenclatural para Simuliidae Neotropical (Diptera, Culicomorpha, Simuliidae). Memórias del CAICET, 4, 149–156.

    Py-Daniel, V. & Moreira Sampaio, R.T. (1995) Gêneros e espécies de Simuliidae (Diptera: Culicimorpha) assinalados para o Brasil até 1995. Entomologia y Vectores, 5, 117–121.

    Py-Daniel, V. & Shelley, A.J. (1980) Revisão do Simulium spinibranchium Lutz, 1910 (Diptera: Simuliidae), com a primeira descrição dos adultos e larva, e redescrição da pupa. Acta Amazonica, 10, 213–223.

    Py-Daniel, V. & Shelley, A.J. (1981) Simuliidae of Goiás State and the Federal District (Brasília). 1. A description of Simulium (Chirostilbia) dekeyseri, new species. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 76, 23–32.

    Ramírez Pérez, J. (1971) Distribución geográfica y revisión taxonómica de los simúlidos (Diptera: Nematocera) de Venezuela con descripción de dies especies nuevas. Acta Biológica Venezolana, 7, 271–371.

    Ramírez Pérez, J. & Vulcano, M.A. (1973) Descripción y resdescripciones de algunos simúlidos de Venezuela (Diptera: Simuliidae). Archivos de Venezolanos de Medicina Tropical y Parasitología Médica, 5, 375–399.

    Ramírez Pérez, J. 1980. Descripión de cuatro nuevas especies de Simulium Latreille, 1802 (Diptera, Simuliidae) de la región amazónica de Venezuela. Boletin de la Dirección de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 20: 59–69.

    Ramírez Pérez, J. (1983) "Los jejenes de Venezuela". Simposio de oncocercosis americana. Caicet. Puerto Ayacucho, 15–17 Octubre, 193, iii + 156 pp.

    Ramírez Pérez, J. (1990) Estudio de la simuliofauna del Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Boletin de la Dirección de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 30, 7–22.

    Ramírez Pérez, J., Rassi, E. and Ramírez, A. (1977) Cinco especies nuevas de Simulium Latreille, 1802 (Diptera, Simuliidae) de la región amazónica de Venezuela. Boletin de la Dirección de Malariologia y Saneamiento Ambiental, 17, 162–174.

    Ramírez Pérez, J., Yarzábal, L. & Peterson, B. (1982) La simuliofauna del Territorio Federal Amazonas (Venezuela). Publicación Cientifica, 1, 1–104. Proicet Amazonas.

    Shelley, A.J. (1988a) Vector aspects of the epidemiology of onchocerciasis in Latin America. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 337–366.

    Shelley, A.J. (1988b) Biosystematics and medical importance of the Simulium amazonicum group and the S.exiguum complex in Latin America pp. 203–220 in M.W.Service Biosystematics of Haematophagous Insects. Systematics Association Special Volume No. 37. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Shelley, A.J. & Luna Dias, A.P.A. (1989) First report of man eating blackflies (Dipt., Simuliidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 125, 44.

    Shelley, A.J., Arzube, M. & Couch, C.A. (1989) The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Santiago onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 58: 79–130.

    Shelley A.J., Hernández L.M., Davies, J.B. (2004) Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of southern Guyana with keys for the identification of adults and pupae- a review. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99, 443–470.

    Shelley, A.J., Hernández, L.M. & Penn, M. (2002) A biosystematic revision of the blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Belize, Central America. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology), 71, 135–271.

    Shelley, A.J., Hernández, L.M., Maia-Herzog, M.Maia-Herzog, Luna Dias, A.P.A. & Luz, S.B. (2006) An interpretation of the morphological variation in the Simulium amazonicum species group (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Latin America. Zootaxa, 1274, 1–68.

    Shelley, A.J., Lowry, C.A., Maia-Herzog, M., Luna Dias, A.P.A. & Moraes, M.A.P. (1997) Biosystematic studies on the Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Amâzonia onchocerciasis focus of Brazil. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum (Entomology series), 66, 1–121.

    Shelley, A.J., Luna Dias, A.P.A., Maia Herzog, M., Procunier, W.S.& Moraes, M.A.P. (1987) Identification of vector species (Diptera: Simuliidae) of human onchocerciasis in the Amazonia focus of Brazil and Venezuela. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 82, 461–465.

    Shelley, A.J., Maia-Herzog, M., Lowry, C.A., Luna Dias, A.P.A., Garritano, P.R., Shelley, A., Camargo, M. & Carter, H.G. (2000) The Simuliidae (Diptera) of the secondary onchocerciasis focus at Minaçu in central Brazil. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum (Entomology series), 69, 171–221.

    Smart, J. (1944) Notes on Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (B), 13, 131–136.

    Smart, J. (1945) The classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society (London), 95: 463–532.

    Stone, A. (1962) Notes on the types of some Simuliidae (Diptera) described by Enderlein. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55, 206–209.

    Stone, A. (1963) An annotated list of genus-group names in the family Simuliidae (Diptera). U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1284: 1–28.

    Stone, A. (1969) The black flies of Dominica (Diptera, Simuliidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 71:312–318.

    Strieder, M.N. (1992) Espécies de simulídeos (Diptera, Nematocera, Simuliidae) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: distribuição geográfica. Entomología y Vectores, 1, 113–143.

    Strieder, M.N. (2002). Diversidade e distribuição de Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) no gradiente longitudinal da bacia do Rio Maquiné, RS, Brazil. Biociências, 10, 127–137.

    Strieder, M.N. & Coscarón, S. (2000) El estado de Simulium (Psaroniocompsa) (Diptera, Simuliidae ) en la región sur de Brasil y Argentina, con descripción de Simulium minuanum sp. n. Entomologia y Vectores, 7, 103–117.

    Strieder, M.N. & Py-Daniel, V. (1999) Espécies de Inaequalium (Diptera, Simuliidae): dados bionômicos e chaves para sua identificação. Biociências, 7, 43–72.

    Strieder, M.N. & Py-Daniel, V. (2000) Revisão de Inaequalium (Diptera, Simuliidae), com redescrição das formas imaturas e descrição de uma nova espécie. Entomología y Vectores (supplemento 2), 7, 1–90.

    Strieder, M.N. & Py-Daniel, V. (2002). A cladistic analysis of Inaequalium (Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, 1984), with information on geographical distribution (Diptera: Simuliidae). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97, 65–72.

    Strieder, N.N., Corseuil, E. & Py-Daniel, V. (1992) Espécies do gênero Simulium (Diptera, Simuliidae) o correntes no Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil, com chaves para sua identificação. Acta Biológica Leopoldense, 14, 53–74.

    Strieder, M.N., Santos, J.E. Jr. & Pes, A.M.O. (2002) Diversidade e distribuição de Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) no gradiente longitudinal da bacia do Rios dos Sinos, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Entomologia y Vectores, 9, 527–540.

    Vargas, L. (1941) Simulium lane-portoi n.n. (Simuliidae, Dipt.) y lista de simúlidos mexicanos. Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 2, 115–122.

    Vargas, L. (1943) Nombres y datos nuevos de simulidos del nuevo mundo. 1943. Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural, 4, 135–146.

    Vargas, L. (1945) Tres nuevos nombres propuestos para simulidos del nuevo mundo. Revista de Medicina Tropical y Parasitologia, 11, 1–2.

    Vargas, L. & Díaz Nájera, A. (1948) Simulium clarki Fairchild (1940) y Simulium lutzianum Pinto (1931). Estructuras genitales. Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales, 9, 75–79.

    Vargas, L. & Díaz Nájera, A. (1953) Nota sobre el examen de tipos de simulidos descritos por el Prof. G.Enderlein. Revista del Instituto de Salubridad y Enfermedades Tropicales , 13, 137–149 [+ two unnumbered pages with illustrations.]

    Vulcano, M.A. (1981) Simuliidae. Pp. 275–285. In Aquatic Biota of Tropical South America. Part 1. Arthropoda. Eds. Hubert, S.H., Rodriguez, G. & Dias dos Santos, N. San Diego State University, California.

    Walker, F. (1861) Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq., F. R. S. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (n. s.), 5 (1858– 1861), 268–334.

    Werner, D. (1996a) Die Simuliiden-Typen der Dipteren-Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin (Diptera: Simuliidae). Mitteilengun aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 72, 221–258.

    Werner, D. (1996b) Das Typenmaterial der Zweiflüger des Staatlichen Museums für Tierkunde Dresden (Insecta). Teil III: Diptera-Simuliidae. Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, 57, 295–298.

    Wygodzinsky, P. (1951) Sobre Simulium jujuyense Paterson y Shannon, 1927, Simulium exiguum Roubaud, 1906, y Simulium opalinifrons (Enderlein, 1934). Anales del Instituto de Medicina Regional, 2, 207–220

    Wygodzinsky, P. (1953) Sobre algunos simúlidos Argentinos (Diptera). Anales del Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, 3, 293–320.

    Wygodzinsky, P. & Coscarón, S. (1967) A review of Simulium (Pternaspatha) Enderlein (Simuliidae, Diptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 136, 42–116.