Abstract
Gryllus field and wood crickets of the United States, mostly west of the Mississippi River, are reviewed and revised. We validate the following 18 Gryllus cricket names: G. armatus, G. assimilis, G. brevicaudus, G. cayensis, G. cohni, G. firmus, G. fultoni, G. integer, G. lineaticeps, G. multipulsator, G. ovisopis, G. pennsylvanicus, G. personatus, G. rubens, G. texensis, G. veletis, G. vernalis, and G. vocalis. We synonymize G. alogus under G. vocalis. We designate a lectotype for G. armatus. We describe the following 17 new Gryllus species: G. chisosensis, G. leei, G. lightfooti, G. longicercus, G. makhosica, G. montis, G. navajo, G. planeta, G. regularis, G. saxatilis, G. sotol, G. staccato, G. thinos, G. transpecos, G. veintinueve, G. veletisoides, and G. vulcanus. We present biology, distribution, and genetic analysis of all taxa and discuss their nearest relatives.
References
Adamo, S.A. & Lovett, M.M. (2011) Some like it hot: the effects of climate change on reproduction, immune function and disease resistance in the cricket Gryllus texensis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214, 1997–2004.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.056531
Adamo, S.A., Robert, D. & Hoy, R.R. (1995) Effects of a tachinid parasitoid, Ormia ochracea, on the behavior and reproduction of its male and female field cricket hosts (Gryllus spp). Journal of Insect Physiology, 41, 269–277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(94)00095-X
Adamo, S.A., Kovalko, I. & Mosher, B. (2013) The behavioural effects of predator-induced stress response in the cricket (Gryllus texensis): the upside of the stress response. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 4608–4614.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.094482
Alexander, R.D. (1957) The taxonomy of the field crickets of the eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Acheta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 50, 584–602.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/50.6.584
Alexander, R.D. (1962) Evolutionary change in cricket acoustical communications. Evolution, 16, 443–467.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03236.x
Alexander, R.D. (1968) Life cycle origins, speciation, and related phenomena in crickets. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 43, 1–41.
https://doi.org/10.1086/405628
Alexander, R.D. (1991) A review of the genus Gryllus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), with a new species from Korea. The Great Lakes Entomologist, 24, 79–84.
Alexander, R.D. & Bigelow, R.S. (1960) Allochronic speciation in field crickets, and a new species, Acheta veletis. Evolution, 14, 334–346.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1960.tb03095.x
Alexander, R.D. & Meral, G.H. (1967) Seasonal and daily chirping cycles in the northern spring and fall field crickets, Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus. The Ohio Journal of Science, 676, 200–209.
Alexander, R.D. & Walker, T.J. (1962) Two introduced field crickets new to eastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 55, 90–94.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/55.1.90
Andrés, J.A., Larson, E.L., Bogdanowicz, S.M. & Harrison, R.G. (2013) Patterns of transcriptome divergence in the male accessory gland of two closely related species of field crickets. Genetics, 193, 501–513.
https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.142299
Aschmann, H. (1973) Distribution and peculiarity of Mediterranean ecosystems. In: di Castri, F. & Mooney, H. (Eds.), Ecological studies. Vol. 7. Mediterranean type ecosystems, analysis synthesis. Springer, New York, pp. 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65520-3_2
Barranco, P. (2012) The Jamaican field cricket, Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775), possible new record for Spain (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Boletin de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 50, 537–538.
Beckers, O.M. & Wagner, W.E. Jr. (2012) Divergent preferences for song structure between a field cricket and its phonotactic parasitoid. Journal of Insect Behavior, 5, 467–477.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-011-9312-6
Beckers, O.M. & Wagner, W.E. Jr. (2018) Males and females evolve riskier traits in populations with eavesdropping parasitoids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 72, 174–184.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2588-1
Beckers, O.M., Murphey, K.J., Pease, J.R. & Norman, N. (2019) Parallel plasticity of mating songs and preferences in the field cricket Gryllus rubens. Ethology. [in press]
https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12872
Bégin, M. & Roff, D.A. (2002) The common quantitative genetic basis of wing morphology and diapause occurrence in the cricket Gryllus veletis. Heredity, 89, 473–479.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800168
Bennet-Clark, H.C. (1989) Songs and the physics of sound production. In: Huber, F., Moore, T.E. & Loher, W. (Eds.), Cricket behavior and neurobiology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, pp. 227–261.
https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501745904-010
Berdan, E.L., Blankers, T., Waurick, I., Mazzoni, C.J. & Mayer, F. (2016) A genes eye view of ontogeny: de novo assembly and profiling of the Gryllus rubens transcriptome. Molecular Ecology Resources, 16 (6), 1478–1490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12530
Bertram, S.M. (2002a) Temporally fluctuating selection of sex-limited signaling traits in the Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis. Evolution, 56, 1831–1839.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00197.x
Bertram, S.M. (2002b) The influence of rearing and monitoring environment on temporal mate signaling patterns in the field cricket, Gryllus texensis. Journal of Insect Behavior, 15, 127–137.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014492431457
Bertram, S.M. & Bellani, R. (2002) Influence of photoperiod on temporal mate signaling patters in the Texas field cricket, Gryllus texensis. Journal of Insect Behavior, 15, 607–615.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016393503451
Bertram, S.M. & Rook, V. (2011a) Jamaican field cricket male attraction signals provide age cues. Ethology, 117, 1050–1055.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01958.x
Bertram, S.M. & Rook, V. (2011b) Relationship between condition, aggression, signaling, courtship, and egg laying in the field cricket, Gryllus assimilis. Ethology, 118, 360–372.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.02019.x
Bertram, S.M., Harrison, S.J., Thomson, I.R. & Fitzsimmons, L.P. (2013) Adaptive plasticity in wild field cricket’s acoustic signaling. PLoS ONE 8(7): e69247.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069247
Blankers, T., Hennig, R.M. & Gray, D. (2015) Conservation of multivariate female preference functions and preference mechanisms in three species of trilling field crickets. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 28, 630–641.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12599
Blankers, T., Gray, D.A. & Hennig, R.M. (2016) Multivariate phenotypic evolution: divergent acoustic signals and sexual selection in Gryllus field crickets. Evolutionary Biology, 44, 43–55.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-016-9388-1
Blankers, T., Vilaca, S.T., Waurick, I., Gray, D.A., Henning, R.M., Mazzoni, C.J., Mayer, F. & Berdan, E.L. (2018) Demography and selection shape transcriptomic divergence in field crickets. Evolution, 72, 553–567.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13435
Blankers, T., Berdan, E.L., Hennig, R.M. & Mayer, F. (2019) Physical linkage and mate preference generate linkage disequilibrium for behavioral isolation in two parapatric crickets. Evolution, 73, 777–791.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13706
Blatchley, W.S. (1903) The Orthoptera of Indiana. An illustrated descriptive catalogue of the species known to occur in the state, with bibliography, synonymy and descriptions of new species. Indiana Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Indianapolis, 380 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8712
Blatchley, W.S. (1920) Orthoptera of Northeastern America, with especial reference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 790 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.1700
Blatchley, W.S. (1930) Blatchleyana. The Nature Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 77 pp.
Broughton, R.E. & Harrison, R.G. (2003) Nuclear gene genealogies reveal historic, demographic and selective factors associated with speciation in field crickets. Genetics, 163, 1389–1401.
Brown, R.W. (1956) Composition of scientific words. A manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 882 pp.
Cade, W.H. & Otte, D. (2000) Gryllus texensis n. sp.: a widely studied field cricket (Orthoptera; Gryllidae) from the southern United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 126, 117–123.
Cade, W.H. & Tyshenko, M.G. (1990) Geographic variation in hybrid fertility in the field crickets Gryllus integer, G. rubens, and Gryllus sp. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 2697–2700.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-374
Cade, W.H., Ciceran, M. & Murray, A.M. (1996) Temporal patterns of parasitoid fly (Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song (Gryllus integer). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74, 393–395.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-046
Capinera, J.L., Scott, R.D. & Walker, T.J. (2004) Field guide to grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets of the United States. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 249 pp.
Carlquist, S. (1974) Island biology. Columbia University Press, New York, 660 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63768
Carmona, D.M., Menalled, F.D. & Landis, D.A. (1999) Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): laboratory weed seed predation and within field activity-density. Journal of Economic Entomology, 92, 825–829. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/92.4.825
Caruba, A. (1980) The great Coalinga cricket invasion. Pest Control/Marc, 1980, 14–15.
Chintauan-Marquiera, I.C., Legendrea, F., Hugelb, S., Robillarda, T., Grandcolasa, P., Nela, A., Zucconc, D. & Desutter-Granscolasa, L. (2015) Laying the foundations of evolutionary and systematic studies in crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera): a multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics, 32 (1), 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12114
Cigliano, M.M., Braun, H., Eades, D.C. & Otte. D. (2019) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0/5.0. Available from: http://Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org (accessed 20 January 2019)
Cong, Q., Shen, J., Borek, D., Robbins, R.K., Opler, P.A., Otwinowski, Z. & Grishin, N.V. (2017) When COI barcodes deceive: complete genomes reveal introgression in hairstreaks. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284, 20161735.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1735
Cullen, T. (2015) Sky Islands. Available from: https://scifundchallenge.org/ecotome/2015/09/07/sky-islands/ (accessed 20 January 2019)
Darlington, P.J. Jr. (1938) The origins of the fauna of the Greater Antilles, with discussion of dispersal of animals over water and through the air. Quarterly Review of Biology, 13, 274–300.
https://doi.org/10.1086/394561
Desutter-Grandcolas, L. & Robillard, T. (2003) Phylogeny and the evolution of calling songs in Gryllus (Insecta, Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Zoologica Scripta, 32, 173–183.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00107.x
Doherty, J.A. & Callos, J.D. (1991) Acoustic communication in the trilling field cricket, Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 4, 67–82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01092552
Doherty, J.A. & Storz, M.M. (1992) Calling song and selective phonotaxis in the field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 5, 555–569.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01048004
Dunbar, N.W. (1999) Cosmogenic 36Cl-determined age of the Carrizozo lava flows, south-central New Mexico. New Mexico Geology, 21, 25–29.
Fitzpatrick, M.J. & Gray, D.A. (2001) Divergence between the courtship songs of the field crickets Gryllus texensis and Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Ethology, 107, 1075–1085.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.00730.x
Fitzsimmons, L.P. & Bertram, S.M. (2011) The calling songs of male spring field crickets (Gryllus veletis) change as males age. Behaviour, 148, 1045–1065.
https://doi.org/10.1163/000579511X588812
French, B.W. & Cade, W.H. (1987) The timing of calling, movement, and mating in the field crickets Gryllus veletis, G. pennsylvanicus, and G. integer. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 21, 157–162.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303205
French, B.W. & Cade, W.H. (1989) Sexual selection at varying population densities in male field crickets, Gryllus veletis and G. pennsylvanicus. Journal of Insect Behavior, 2, 105–121.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01053621
Fulton, B.B. (1952) Speciation in the field cricket. Evolution, 6, 283–295.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1952.tb01425.x
Gabel, E., Gray, D.A. & Hennig, R.M. (2016) How females of chirping and trilling field crickets integreta the ‘what’ and ‘where’ of male acoustic signals during decision making. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 202 (11), 823–837.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-016-1124-x
Gainey, D.P., Kim, J.Y. & Maroja, L.S. (2018) Mapping reduced introgression loci to the X chromosome of the hybridizing field crickets, Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. PLoS ONE, 13 (12), e0208498.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208498
Gershman, S.N. (2009) Postcopulatory female choice increases the fertilization success of novel males in the field cricket, Gryllus vocalis. Evolution, 63, 67–72.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00532.x
Gershman, S.N. (2010) Large numbers of matings give female field crickets a direct benefit but not a genetic benefit. Journal of Insect Behavior, 23, 59–68.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-009-9195-y
Giordano, R., Jackson, J.J. & Robertson, H.M. (1997) The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, 11439–11444.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.21.11439
Gray, D.A. (2004) Does courtship behavior contribute to species-level reproductive isolation in field crickets? Behavioral Ecology, 16 (1), 201–206.
https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arh144
Gray, D.A. (2006) Molecular divergence between Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, sister species of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Canadian Entomologist, 138, 305–313.
https://doi.org/10.4039/n05-037
Gray, D.A. (2011) Speciation, divergence, and the origin of Gryllus rubens: behavior, morphology, and molecules. Insects, 2, 195–209.
https://doi.org/10.3390/insects2020195
Gray, D.A. & Cade, W.H. (1999a) Sex, death, and genetic variation: natural and sexual selection on cricket song. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 266 (1420), 707–709.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1999.0693
Gray, D.A. & Cade, W.H. (1999b) Quantitative genetics of sexual selection in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Evolution, 53, 848–854.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05378.x
Gray, D.A. & Cade, W.H. (2000a) Sexual selection and speciation in field crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 14449–14454.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.26.14449
Gray, D.A. & Cade, W.H. (2000b) Senescence in field crickets (Orthoptera; Gryllidae): examining the effects of sex and a sex-biased parasitoid. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 140–143.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-191
Gray, D.A., Walker, T.J., Conley, B.E. & Cade, W.H. (2001) A morphological means of distinguishing females of the cryptic field cricket species, Gryllus rubens and G. texensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist, 84, 314–315.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3496190
Gray, D.A., Barnfield, P., Seifried, M. & Richards, M.H. (2006) Molecular divergence between Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, sister species of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae. Canadian Entomologist, 138, 305–313.
https://doi.org/10.4039/n05-037
Gray, D.A., Banuelos, C., Walker, S.E., Cade, W.H. & Zuk, M. (2007) Behavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea utilizing different cricket species as host. Animal Behaviour, 73, 99–104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.005
Gray, D.A, Huang, H. & Knowles, L.L. (2008) Molecular evidence of a peripatric origin for two sympatric species of field crickets (Gryllus rubens and G. texensis) revealed from coalescent simulations and population genetic tests. Molecular Ecology, 17, 3836–3855.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03827.x
Gray, D.A., Gabel, E., Blankers, T. & Hennig, R.M. (2016a) Multivariate female preference tests reveal latent perceptual biases. Proceedings Royal Society B, 283, 20161972.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1972
Gray, D.A., Gutierrez, N.J., Chen, T.L., Gonzalez, C., Weissman, D.B. & Cole, J.A. (2016b) Species divergence in field crickets: genetics, song, ecomorphology, and pre- and postzygotic isolation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 117, 192–205.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12668
Gray, D.A., Hormozi, S., Libby, F.R. & Cohen, R.W. (2018) Induced expression of a vestigial sexual signal. Biology letters, 14 (5), 20180095.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0095
Gray, D.A., Weissman, D.B., Cole, J.A., Lemmon, E.M. & Lemmon, A.R. (in press) Multilocus phylogeny of Gryllus field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae) utilizing anchored hybrid enrichment. Zootaxa.
Griffith, G.E., Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., Comstock, J.A., Rogers, A.C., Harrison, B., Hatch, S.L. & Bezanson, D. (2004) Ecoregions of Texas. Map Scale 1:2,500,000. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon. [color poster with map, descriptive text and photographs]
Guerra, P.A. & Pollack, G.S. (2007) A life history trade-off between flight ability and reproductive behavior in male field crickets (Gryllus texensis). Journal of Insect Behavior, 20, 377–387.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-007-9084-1
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic acids symposium series, 41, 95–98.
Harrison, R.G. (1983) Barriers to gene exchange between closely related cricket species. I. Laboratory hybridization studies. Evolution, 37, 245–251.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1983.tb05534.x
Harrison, R.G. (1985) Barriers to gene exchange between closely related cricket species. II. Life cycle variation and temporal isolation. Evolution, 39, 244–259.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb05664.x
Harrison, R.G. (1986) Pattern and process in a narrow hybrid zone. Heredity, 56, 337–349.
https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.55
Harrison, R.G. & Arnold, J. (1982) A narrow hybrid zone between closely related cricket species. Evolution, 36, 535–552.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05075.x
Harrison, R.G. & Bogdanowicz, S.M. (1995) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of North American field crickets: perspectives on the evolution of life cycles, songs, and habitat associations. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 8, 209–232.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1995.8020209.x
Harrison, R.G. & Bogdanowicz, S.M. (1997) Patterns of variation and linkage disequilibrium in a field cricket hybrid zone. Evolution, 51, 493–505.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02437.x
Harrison, R.G. & Larson, E.L. (2016) Heterogeneous genome divergence, differential introgression, and the origin and structure of hybrid zones. Molecular Ecology, 25, 2454–2466.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13582
Harrison, S.J., Thomson, I.R., Grant, C.M. & Bertram, S.M. (2013) Calling, courtship, and condition in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus. PLoS ONE, 8 (3), e60356.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060356
Hawlitschek, O., Morinière, J., Lehmann, G.U.C., Lehmann, A.W., Kropf, M., Dunz, A., Glaw, F., Detcharoen, M., Schmidt, S., Hausmann, A., Szucsich, N.U., Caetano-Wyler, S.A. & Haszprunar, G. (2016) DNA barcoding of crickets, katydids, and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) from Central Europe with focus on Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Molecular Ecology Resources, 17 (5), 1037–1053.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12638
Hebert, P.D., Ratnasingham, S. & de Waard, J.R. (2003) Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 270 (Supplement 1), S96–S99.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0025
Hedrick, A. (2013) Family effects on antipredator behavior in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Journal of Insect Behavior, 26, 832–836.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-013-9397-1
Hedrick, A. & Bunting, J. (2014) An attractive male trait and aggressiveness are negatively correlated in wild field crickets, but uncorrelated in lab-reared crickets. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 68, 233–238.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-013-1638-y
Hedrick, A.V. & Kortet, R. (2006) Hiding behavior in two cricket populations that differ in predation pressure. Animal Behaviour, 72, 1111–1118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.03.018
Hedrick, A. & Weber, T. (1998) Variance in female responses to the fine structure of male song in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Behavioral Ecology, 9, 582–591.
https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/9.6.582
Hedrick, A.V., Perez, D., Lichti, N. & Yew, J. (2002) Temperature preferences of male field crickets (Gryllus integer) alter their mating calls. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 188, 799–805.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-002-0368-9
Hennig, R.M., Blankers, T. & Gray, D.A. (2016) Divergence in male cricket song and female preference functions in three allopatric sister species. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 202, 347–360.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-016-1083-2
Hinton, H.E. (1981) Biology of insect eggs. Vol. I. Pergamon Press, New York, 1500 pp.
Hoback, W.W. & Wagner, W.E. Jr. (1997) The energetic cost of calling in the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps. Physiological Entomology, 22, 286–290.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01170.x
Huang, Y., Ortí, G., Sutherlin, M., Duhachek, A. & Zera, A. (2000) Phylogenetic relationships of North American field crickets inferred from mitochondria DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 17, 48–57.
https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2000.0815
Ibrahim, R. & Walker, T.J. (1980) Diapause and nondiapause eggs laid daily by individual Gryllus firmus females (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist, 63, 510–512.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3494540
Izzo, A.S. & Gray, D.A. (2004) Cricket song in sympatry: species specificity of song without reproductive character displacement in Gryllus rubens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97, 831–837.
https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0831:CSISSS]2.0.CO;2
Jang, Y. (2011) Male response to conspecific advertisement signals in the field cricket Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). PLoS ONE, 6 (1), e16063.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016063
Jang, Y. & Gerhardt, H.C. (2006a) Divergence in the calling songs between sympatric and allopatric populations of the southern wood cricket Gryllus fultoni (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19, 459–472.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01014.x
Jang, Y. & Gerhardt, H.C. (2006b) Divergence in female calling song discrimination between sympatric and allopatric populations of the southern wood cricket Gryllus fultoni (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 60, 150–158.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0151-3
Jang, Y. & Gerhardt, H.C. (2007) Temperature effects on the temporal properties of calling songs in the crickets Gryllus fultoni and G. vernalis: implications for reproductive isolation in sympatric populations. Journal of Insect Behavior, 20, 33–52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-006-9061-0
Jang, Y., Bockhorst, A. & Gerhardt, H.C. (2007) Reproductive isolation in the wood cricket Gryllus vernalis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Ethology, 113 (1), 11387–11396.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01304.x
Jang, Y., Gerhardt, H.C. & Choe, J.C. (2008) A comparative study of aggressiveness in eastern North American field cricket species (genus Gryllus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62, 1397–1407.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-008-0568-6
Jiang, C.-J., Zhang, B.-C., Chen, W.-F., Zhang, Q.-W., Zhao, Z.-W., An, C.-J. & Li, J.-P. (2012) Variations in the ultrastructure of the flight muscles of the polymorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). European Journal of Entomology, 109, 579–586.
https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2012.072
Kevan, D.K.M. (1980) The taxonomic status of the Bermuda beach cricket. Systemic Entomology, 5, 83–95.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1980.tb00401.x
Kortet, R. & Hedrick, A. (2005) The scent of dominance: female field crickets use odour to predict the outcome of male competition. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59, 77–83.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0011-1
Larson, E.L., Hume, G.L., Andrés, J.A. & Harrison, R.G. (2012) Post-mating prezygotic barriers to gene exchange between hybridizing field crickets. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 25, 174–186.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02415.x
Larson, E.L., Becker, C.G., Bondra, E.R. & Harrison, R.G. (2013) Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Ecology and Evolution, 3, 985–1002.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.514
Laughlin, A.W., Charles, R.W., Reid, K. & White, C. (1993) Field-trip guide to the geochronology of the El Malpais National Monument and the Zuni-Bandera volcanic field, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Bulletin, 149, 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0135:DOQBUT>2.3.CO;2
Laughlin, A.W., Poths, J., Healey, H.A., Reneau, S. & WoldeGabriel, G. (1994) Dating of Quaternary basalts using the cosmogenic 3He and 14C methods with implications for excess 40Ar. Geology, 22, 135–138.
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0135:DOQBUT>2.3.CO;2
Lemmon, A.R., Emme, S.A. & Lemmon, E.M. (2012). Anchored hybrid enrichment for massively high-throughput phylogenomics. Systematic Biology, 61 (5), 727–744.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys049
Leonard, A.S. & Hedrick, A.V. (2009) Single versus multiple cues in mate discrimination by males and females. Animal Behaviour, 77, 151–159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.09.029
Lim, H.-C., Vickery, V.R. & Kevan, D.K.McE. (1973) Cytogenetic studies in relation to taxonomy with in the family Gryllidae (Orthoptera). I. Subfamily Gryllinae. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 51, 179–186.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z73-026
Lindgren, K. (1978) Cricket’s chirp strikes sour note in besieged town. Los Angeles Times, 2 September 1978, 3.
Lutz, F.E. (1908) The variation and correlations of certain taxonomic characters of Gryllus. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Publication Number 101, 1–63.
Mandel, M.J., Ross, C. & Harrison, R.G. (2001) Do Wolbachia infections play a role in unidirectional incompatibilities in a field cricket hybrid zone? Molecular Ecology, 10, 703–709.
Maroja, L.S., Clark, M.E. & Harrison, R.G. (2008) Wolbachia plays no role in the one-way reproductive incompatibility between the hybridizing field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus. Heredity, 101, 435–444.
https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.75
Maroja, L.S., Andrés, J.A., Walters, J.R. & Harrison, R.G. (2009) Multiple barriers to gene exchange in a field cricket hybrid zone. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 97, 390–402.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01201.x
Maroja, L.S., McKenzie, Z.M., Hart, E., Jing, J., Larson, E.L. & Richardson, D.P. (2014) Barriers to gene exchange in hybridizing field crickets: the role of male courtship effort and cuticular hydrocarbons. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 14, 65.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-65
Maroja, L.S., Larson, E.L., Bogdanowicz, S.M. & Harrison, R.G. (2015) Genes with restricted introgression in a field cricket (Gryllus firmus/Gryllus pennsylvanicus) hybrid zone are concentrated on the X chromosome and a single autosome. G3: Genes/Genomes/Genetics, 5, 2219–2227.
https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.115.021246
Martin, C.M. & Wagner, W.E.Jr. (2010) Female field crickets incur increased parasitism risk when near preferred song. PLoS ONE, 5 (3), e9592.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009592
Martin, S.D., Gray, D.A. & Cade, W.H. (2000) Fine-scale temperature effects on cricket calling song. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 706–712.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z99-262
Martins, L. de P. (2009) Calling song, stridulatory file ultramorphology and male genitalia morphology applied to the taxonomy of Gryllus Linnaeus, 1758 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Southern Rio Grande do Sul. Master’s thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, 116 pp.
Masaki, S. & Walker, T.J. (1987) Cricket Life Cycles. In: Hecht, M.K., Wallace, B. & Prance, G.T. (Eds.), Evolutionary biology. Vol. 21. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 349–423.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6986-2_11
Mayor, A.G. (1919) Samuel Hubbard Scudder 1837–1911. Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences, 17, 79–104.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01213.x
Mitra, C., Wagner, W.E., Zera, A.J. & Tolle, A.E. (2011) Variation in singing behavior among morphs of the sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Ecological Entomology, 36, 152–160.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01254.x
Moore, T.E. (1989) Glossary of song terms. In: Huber, F., Moore, T.E. & Loher, W. (Eds.), Cricket behavior and neurobiology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York., pp. 485–487.
https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501745904-019
Nickle, D.A. & Walker, T.J. (1975) A morphological key to the field crickets of southeastern United States (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Florida Entomologist, 57, 8–12.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3493822
Niemelä P., DiReinzo, N. & Hedrick, A. (2012a) Predator-induced changes in the boldness of naïve field crickets, Gryllus integer, depends on behavioural type. Animal Behavior, 84, 129–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.019
Niemelä, P.T., Vainikka, A., Hedrick, A.V. & Kortet, R. (2012b) Integrating behavior with life history: boldness of the field cricket, Gryllus integer, during ontogeny. Functional Ecology, 26, 450–456.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01939.x
Niemelä, P.T., Vainikka, A., Lahdenperä, & Kortet, R. (2012c) Nymphal density, behavioral development, and life history in a field cricket. Behavioral Ecology and Socialbiology, 66, 645–652.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-011-1312-1
O’Hara, J.E. & Gray, D.A. (2004) Two new orthopteran hosts of North American Polideini (Diptera: Tachinidae). Entomological News, 115, 171–172.
Olzer, R., Deak, N., Tan, X., Heinen-Kay, J.L. & Zuk, M. (2019) Aggression and Mating Behavior in Wild and Captive Populations of the House Cricket, Acheta domesticus. Journal of Insect Behavior, 32 (2), 89–98.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-019-09715-y
Otte, D. (1987) African crickets (Gryllidae). 9. New genera and species of Brachytrupinae and Gryllinae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 139, 315–374.
Otte, D. & Cade, W. (1984) African crickets (Gryllidae). 6. The genus Gryllus and some related genera (Gryllinae, Gryllini). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 136, 98–122.
Otte, D. & Perez-Gelabert, D. (2009) Caribbean Crickets. The Orthopterists’ Society, 792 pp.
Paur, J. & Gray, D.A. (2011a) Individual consistency, learning and memory in a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea. Animal Behaviour, 82, 825–830.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.07.017
Paur, J. & Gary, D.A. (2011b) Seasonal dynamics and overwintering strategy of the tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae), Ormia ochracea (Bigot) in southern California. Terrestrial Arthopod Reviews, 4, 145–156.
https://doi.org/10.1163/187498311X565615
Poinar, G.Jr. & Weissman, D.B. (2004) Hairworm and nematode infections of North American Jerusalem crickets, field crickets, and katydids (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae, Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 13, 143–147.
https://doi.org/10.1665/1082-6467(2004)013[0143:HANION]2.0.CO;2
Pollack, G.S. & Kim, J.S. (2013) Selective phototaxis to high sound-pulse rate in the cricket Gryllus assimilis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 199, 285–293.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-013-0792-z
Rakshpal, R. (1962) Diapause in the eggs of Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 40, 179–194.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z62-022
Rand, D.M. & Harrison, R.G. (1989a) Molecular population genetics of mtDNA size variation in crickets. Genetics, 121, 551–569.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04238.x
Rand, D.M. & Harrison, R.G. (1989b) Ecological genetics of a mosaic hybrid zone: mitochondrial, nuclear, and reproductive differentiation of crickets by soil type. Evolution, 43, 432–449.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04238.x
Randell, R.L. (1964) The male genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a tribal revision. The Canadian Entomologist, 96, 1565–1607.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent961565-12
Randell, R.L. & Kevan, D.K.McE. (1962) A cytological study of certain American species of Gryllus Linné (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and their hybrids. Annales de la Société Entomologique du Québec, 7, 48–69.
Réale, D. & Roff, D.A. (2002) Quantitative genetics of oviposition behavior and interactions among oviposition traits in the sand cricket. Animal Behaviour, 64, 397–406.
https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.3084
Rehn, J.A.G. & Hebard, M. (1915) The genus Gryllus (Orthoptera) as found in America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 67, 293–322.
Rentz, D.C.F. & Weissman, D.B. (1981) Faunal affinities, systematics, and bionomics of the Orthoptera of the California Channel Islands. University of California Publications in Entomology, 94, 1–240.
Rentz, D.C.F. & Weissman, D.B. (2017) The house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus), in Australia (Gryllidae; Gryllinae; Gryllini). Entomological Society of Queensland, News Bulletin, 45, 67–69.
Roff, D.A. (1984) The cost of being able to fly: a study of wing polymorphism in two species of crickets. Oecologia, Berlin, 63, 30–37.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00379781
Roff, D. A. & Fairbairn, D.J. (2012) The evolution of trade-offs under directional and correlational selection. Evolution, 66, 2461–2474.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01634.x
Ross, C.L. & Harrison, R.G. (2002) A fine-scale spatial analysis of the mosaic hybrid zone between Gryllus firmus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Evolution, 56, 2296–2312.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00153.x
Ross, C.L. & Harrison, R.G. (2006) Viability selection on overwintering eggs in a field cricket mosaic hybrid zone. Oikos, 115, 53–68.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15054.x
Rothbart, M.M. & Hennig, R.M. (2012) The Steppengrille (Gryllus spec./assimilis): selective filters and signal mismatch on two time scales. PLoS ONE 7 (9), e43975.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043975
Sakaguchi, K.M. & Gray, D.A. (2011) Host song selection by an acoustically orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multispecies assemblage of cricket hosts. Animal Behaviour, 81, 851–858.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.024
Sandford, F. (1987) Intra- and interspecific aggression in two species of field crickets, Gryllus integer and G. alogus. Aggressive Behavior, 13, 149–164.
https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1987)13:3<149::AID-AB2480130305>3.0.CO;2-G
Scudder, S.H. (1901) The species of Gryllus on the Pacific coast. Psyche, 9, 267–270.
https://doi.org/10.1155/1901/239671
Scudder, S.H. (1902) The species of Gryllus found in the United States east of the Sierra Nevadas. Psyche, 9, 291–296.
https://doi.org/10.1155/1902/35962
Smith, C.J. & Cade, W.H. (1987) Relative fertility in hybridization experiments using three song types of the field crickets Gryllus integer and Gryllus rubens. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 65, 2390–2394.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-359
Sturm, R. (2014) Comparison of sperm number, spermatophore size, and body size in four cricket species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 23, 39–47.
https://doi.org/10.1665/034.023.0103
Thomson, I.R. & Bertram, S.M. (2014) Spring field crickets (Gryllus veletis) use two different pulse types when signaling to attract mates. Journal of Insect Behavior, 27, 217–227.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-013-9421-5
Thomson, I.R., Vincent, C.M. & Bertram, S.M. (2012) Success of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera: Tachinidae) on natural and unnatural cricket hosts. Florida Entomologist, 95, 43–48.
https://doi.org/10.1653/024.095.0108
Tinkham, E.R. (1948) Faunistic and ecological studies on the Orthoptera of the Big Bend Region of Trans-Pecos Texas, with especial reference to the orthopteran zones and faunae of Midwestern North America. The American Midland Naturalist, 40, 521–663.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2421489
Tolle, A.E. & Wagner, W.E. Jr. (2011) Costly signals in a field cricket can indicate high or low quality direct benefits depending on the environment. Evolution, 65, 283–294.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01123.x
Toxopeus, J., McKinnon, A.H., Štětina, T., Turnbull, K.F. & Sinclair, B.J. (2018) Laboratory acclimation to autumn-like conditions induces freeze tolerance in the spring field cricket Gryllus veletis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Journal of Insect Physiology, 113, 9–16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.12.007
Vandergast, A.G., Weissman, D.B., Wood, D.A, Rentz, D.C.F., Bazelet, C.S. & Ueshima, N. (2017) Tackling an intractable problem: Can greater taxon sampling help resolve relationships within the Stenopelmatoidea (Orthoptera: Ensifera)? Zootaxa, 4291 (1), 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4291.1.1
Veazey, J.N., Kay, C.A.R., Walker, T.J. & Whitcomb, W.H. (1976) Seasonal abundance, sex ratio, and macroptery of field crickets in northern Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69, 374–380.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/69.2.374
Vedenina, V.U. & Pollack, G.S. (2012) Recognition of variable courtship song in the field cricket Gryllus assimilis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 2210–2219.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.068429
Vélez, M.J. & Brockmann, H.J. (2006) Seasonal variation in selection on male calling song in the field cricket, Gryllus rubens. Animal Behaviour, 72, 439–448.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.02.002
Villarreal, A.E., Godin, J.-G.J. & Bertram, S.M. (2018) Influence of the operational sex ratio on mutual mate choice in the Jamaican field cricket (Gryllus assimilis): Testing the predictions of the switch point theorem. Ethology, 124, 816–828.
https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.12816
Wagner, W.E.Jr. (2005) Male field crickets that provide reproductive benefits to females incur higher costs. Ecological Entomology, 30, 350–357.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00698.x
Wagner, W.E.Jr. & Basolo, A.L. (2007a) The relative importance of different direct benefits in the mate choice of a field cricket. Evolution, 61, 617–622.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00062.x
Wagner, W.E.Jr. & Basolo, A.L. (2007b) Host preferences in a phonotactic parasitoid of field crickets: the relative importance of host song characters. Ecological Entomology, 32, 478–484.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00898.x
Wagner, W.E.Jr. & Harper, C.J. (2003) Female life span and fertility are increased by the ejaculates of preferred males. Evolution, 57, 2054–2066.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00385.x
Wagner, W.E., Murray, A.-M. & Cade, W.H. (1995) Phenotypic variation in the mating preferences of female field crickets, Gryllus integer. Animal Behaviour, 49, 1269–1281.
https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1995.0159
Walker, T.J. (1964) Cryptic species among sound-producing ensiferan Orthoptera (Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae). The Quarterly Review of Biology, 39, 345–355.
https://doi.org/10.1086/404325
Walker, T.J. (1974) Gryllus ovisopis n. sp.: a taciturn cricket with a life cycle suggesting allochronic speciation. The Florida Entomologist, 57, 13–22.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3493823
Walker, T.J. (1975) Effects of temperature on rates in poikilotherm nervous systems: evidence from the calling songs of meadow katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Orchelimum) and reanalysis of published data. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 101, 57–69.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00660119
Walker, T.J. (1977) Re-examination of monopterous and “micropterous” house crickets (Acheta domesticus). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 70, 602.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/70.4.602
Walker, T.J. (1980) Mixed oviposition in individual females of Gryllus firmus: graded proportions of fast-developing and diapause eggs. Oecologia, 47, 291–298.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00398519
Walker, T.J. (1987) Wing dimorphism in Gryllus rubens (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 80, 547–560.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/80.5.547
Walker, T.J. (1998) Trilling field crickets in a zone of overlap (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 175–184.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/91.2.175
Walker, T.J. (2000) Pulse rates in the songs of trilling field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllus). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 93, 565–572.
https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0565:PRITSO]2.0.CO;2
Walker, T.J. (2001) Gryllus cayensis n. sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), a taciturn wood cricket extirpated from the Florida Keys: songs, ecology and hybrids. Florida Entomologist, 84, 700–705.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3496404
Walker, T.J. (2019) Singing insects of North America. Available from: https://sina.orthsoc.org/(accessed 17 September 2019)
Walker, T.J. &Masaki, S. (1989) Natural history In: Huber, F., Moore, T.E. & Loher, W. (Eds.), Cricket behavior and neurobiology. Cornell University Press, New York, pp. 1–42.
https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501745904-003
Walker, T.J. & Wineriter, S.A. (1991) Hosts of a phonotactic parasitoid and levels of parasitism (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormia ochracea). Florida Entomologist, 74, 554–559.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3495408
Warshall, P. (1995) The Madrean sky island archipelago: a planetary overview. In: DeBano, L.F., Gottfried, G.J., Hamre, R.H., Edminster, C.B., Ffoliott, P.F. & Ortega-Rubio, A. (Eds.), Biodiversity and management of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experimental Station General Technical Report RM-GTR-264. Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 6–18.
Weissman, D.B. (1984) Notes on the autecology, cytology, morphology, and crepitation of Trimerotropis grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Oedipodinae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 60, 269–278.
Weissman, D.B. (2001) North and Central America Jerusalem crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae): taxonomy, distribution, life cycle, ecology, and related biology of the American species. In: Field, L.H. (Ed.), The biology of wetas, king crickets and their allies. CAB International, New York, pp. 57–72.
https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994086.0057
Weissman, D.B. & French, E. (1980) Autecology and population structure of Trimerotropis occidentalis (Bruner) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae), a grasshopper with a reproductive dormancy. Acrida, 9, 145–157.
Weissman, D.B. & Rentz, D.C.F. (1977a) The Orthoptera of Stanford University’s Jasper Ridge and neighboring Palo Alto, California. The Wasmann Journal of Biology, 35, 87–114.
Weissman, D.B. & Rentz, D.C.F. (1977b) Feral house crickets Acheta domesticus (L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in southern Calif. Entomological News, 88, 246–248.
Weissman, D.B. Rentz, D.C.F., Alexander, R.D. & Loher, W. (1980) Field crickets (Gryllus and Acheta) of California and Baja California, Mexico (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 106, 327–356.
Weissman, D.B., Walker, T.J. & Gray, D.A. (2009) The field cricket Gryllus assimilis and two new sister species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102, 367–380.
https://doi.org/10.1603/008.102.0304
Weissman, D.B., Gray, D.A., Pham, H.T. & Tijssen, P. (2012) Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa, 3504, 67–88.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3504.1.3
Weissman, D.B., De Luca, P.A., Judge, K.A. & Gray, D.A. (2019) The identity of the Bahama endemic field cricket Gryllus bryanti Morse (Orthoptera; Gryllidae; Gryllinae). Zootaxa, 4550 (1), 135–140.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4550.1.8
White, J.D.L. (1996) Pre-emergent construction of a lacustrine basaltic volcano, Pavant Butte, Utah (USA). Bulletin of Volcanology, 58, 249–262.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050138
Wiklund, C., Nylin, S. & Forsberg, J. (1991) Sex-related variation in growth rate as a result of selection for large size and protandry in a bivoltine butterfly, Pieris napi. Oikos, 60, 241–250.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3544871
Wineriter, S.A. &Walker, T.J. (1988) Group and individual rearing of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Entomological News, 99, 53–62.
Zera, A.J. (2005) Intermediary metabolism and life history trade-offs: lipid metabolism in lines of the wing-polymorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus, selected for flight capability vs. early age reproduction. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 511–524.
https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.3.511
Zera, A.J., Sall, J. & Grudzinski, K. (1997) Flight-muscle polymorphism in the cricket Gryllus firmus: muscle characteristics and their influence on evolution of flightlessness. Physiological Zoology, 70, 519–529.
https://doi.org/10.1086/515865
Zuk, M. (1987) Variability in attractiveness of male field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) to females. Animal Behaviour, 35 (4), 1240–1248.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(87)80182-3
Zuk, M. (1988) Parasite load, body size, and age of wild-caught male field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): effects on sexual selection. Evolution, 42 (5), 969–976.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02515.x