Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2019-12-16
Page range: 245–274
Abstract views: 115
PDF downloaded: 3

Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the adenes species group of the Californian clade

Department of Entomology, Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2
Department of Entomology, Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2
Department of Entomology, Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 9W2
Araneae Arachnida morphology spiders taxonomy species descriptions

Abstract

Species of North American Cybaeus L. Koch (Araneae: Dictynoidea: Cybaeidae) are common moist-forest spiders classified in Holarctic and Californian clades. Here we review the adenes species group of the Californian clade. We recognize nine species: Cybaeus adenes Chamberlin & Ivie, C. amicus Chamberlin & Ivie, C. auburn Bennett spec. nov., C. grizzlyi Schenkel, C. pearcei Bennett spec. nov., C. reducens Chamberlin & Ivie, C. sanbruno Bennett, C. schusteri Bennett spec. nov., and C. torosus Bennett spec. nov. The species of the adenes group have extremely restricted ranges in west central California from Sonoma and Napa Counties south to northern Monterey County and in east central California from Placer and El Dorado Counties. Descriptions, illustrations, range maps, and an identification key are provided for all species.

 

References

  1. Banks, N. (1892) A classification of North American spiders. The Canadian Entomologist, 24, 88–97.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent2488-4

    Bennett, R.G. (1991) The systematics of the North American Cybaeid spiders (Araneae, Dictynoidea, Cybaeidae). Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, 308 pp.

    Bennett, R.G. (1992) The spermathecal pores of spiders with special reference to dictynoids and amaurobioids (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Araneoclada). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 123, 1–21.

    Bennett, R.G. (2005) Cybaeidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V.D. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: an Identification Manual. American Arachnological Society, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 85–90.

    Bennett, R.G. (2006) Ontogeny, variation, and synonymy in North American Cybaeus spiders (Araneae: Cybaeidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 138, 473–492.

    https://doi.org/10.4039/n06-804

    Bennett, R.G. (2017) Cybaeidae. In: Ubick, D., Paquin, P., Cushing, P.E. & Roth, V.D. (Eds.), Spiders of North America: an Identification Manual. 2nd Edition. American Arachnological Society, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 85–90.

    Bennett, R., Copley, C. & Copley, D. (2016) Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the Nearctic species of the Holarctic clade. Zootaxa, 4164 (1), 1–67.

    https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4164.1.1

    Bond, J.E., Hedin, M.C., Ramirez, M.G. & Opell, B.D. (2001) Deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the Californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider Aptostichus simus. Molecular Ecology, 10, 899–910.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01233.x

    Bond, J.E., Beamer, D.A., Lamb, T. & Hedin, M. (2006) Combining genetic and geospatial analyses to infer population extinction in mygalomorph spiders endemic to the Los Angeles region. Animal Conservation, 9, 145–157.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00024.x.

    Bond, J.E. (2012) Phylogenetic treatment and taxonomic revision of the trapdoor spider genus Aptostichus Simon (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae). ZooKeys, 252, 1–209.

    https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.356.6227

    Bonnet, P. (1956) Bibliographia Araneorum. Tome 2. Douladoure, Toulouse, pp. 919–1926.

    Brignoli, P.M. (1983) A Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 755 pp.

    Calsbeek, R., Thompson, J.N. & Richardson, J.E. (2003) Patterns of molecular evolution and diversification in a biodiversity hotspot: the California Floristic Province. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1021–1029.

    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01794.x

    Chamberlin, R.V. (1919) New Californian spiders. Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Claremont, 12, 1–26.

    https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/12.3.239

    Chamberlin, R.V. & Ivie, W. (1932) A review of the North American spiders of the genera Cybaeus and Cybaeina. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 23, 1–43.

    Connor, E.F., Hafernik, J., Levy, J., Moore, V.L. & Rickman, J.K. (2002) Insect conservation in an urban biodiversity hotspot: The San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Insect Conservation, 6 (4), 247–259.

    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024426727504

    Copley, C.R., Bennett, R. & Perlman, S.J. (2009) Systematics of Nearctic Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae). Invertebrate Systematics, 23, 367–401.

    https://doi.org/10.1071/IS09001

    Forister, M.L., Jahner, J.P., Casner, K.L., Wilson, J.S. & Shapiro, A.M. (2011) The race is not to the swift: long-term data reveal pervasive declines in California’s low-elevation butterfly fauna. Ecology, 92, 2222–2235.

    https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0382.1

    Hedin, M., Starrett, J. & Hayashi, C. (2013) Crossing the uncrossable: novel trans-valley biogeographic patterns revealed in the genetic history of low-dispersal mygalomorph spiders (Antrodiaetidae, Antrodiaetus) from California. Molecular Ecology, 22, 508–526.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12130

    Hobbs, R.J. & Mooney, H.A. (1998) Broadening the extinction debate: Population deletions and additions in California and Western Australia. Conservation Biology, 12, 271–283.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96233.x.

    Ihara, Y. (2004) Descriptions of large- and medium-sized species of the genus Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) from the Tohoku district, northern Honshu, Japan. Acta Arachnologica, 53 (1), 35–51.

    https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.53.35

    Koch, C.L. (1839) Die Arachniden. Sechster Band. In der Zeb’schen Buchhandlung, Nürnberg, pp. 1–156.

    Koch, L. (1868) Die Arachnidengattungen Amaurobius, Coelotes und Cybaeus. Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg, 4, 1–52.

    Leavitt, D.H., Starrett, J., Westphal, M.F. & Hedin, M. (2015) Multilocus sequence data reveal dozens of putative cryptic species in a radiation of endemic Californian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Nemesiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 91, 56–67.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.016

    Lehtinen, P.T. (1967) Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 4, 199–468.

    Loarie, S.R., Carter, B.E., Hayhoe, K., McMahon, S., Moe, R., Knight, C.A. & Ackerly, D.D. (2008) Climate change and the future of California’s endemic flora. PLoS ONE, 3 (6), e2502.

    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002502

    Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858.

    https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

    Platnick, N.I. (1989) Advances in Spider Taxonomy, 1981–1987: a Supplement to Brignoli’s A Catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 673 pp.

    Rix, M.G., Huey, J.A., Mai, B.Y., Waldock, J.M., Harrison, S.E., Comer, S., Austin, A.D. & Harvey, M.S. (2017) Where have all the spiders gone? The decline of a poorly known invertebrate fauna in the agricultural and arid zones of southern Australia. Austral Entomology, 56, 14–22.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12258

    Roewer, C.F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae 2a. Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 923 pp.

    Roth, V.D. (1956) Taxonomic changes in the Agelenidae (Arachnida). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 32, 175–180.

    Roth, V.D. & Brame, P.L. (1972) Nearctic genera of the spider family Agelenidae (Arachnida, Araneida). American Museum Novitates, 2505, 1–52.

    Roth, V.D. & Brown, W.L. (1986) Catalog of Nearctic Agelenidae. The Museum Texas Tech University Occasional Papers, 99, 1–21.

    https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.142809

    Satler, J.D., Carstens, B.C. & Hedin, M. (2013) Multilocus species delimitation in a complex of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus). Systematic Biology, 62, 805–823.

    https://doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syt041

    Schenkel, E. (1950) Spinnentiere aus dem westlichen Nordamerika, gesammelt von Dr. Hans Schenkel-Rudin. Erster Teil. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 61, 28–92.

    Spagna, J.C. & Gillespie, R.G. (2008) More data, fewer shifts: molecular insights into the evolution of the spinning apparatus in non-orb-weaving spiders. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46, 347–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.008

    Spagna, J.C., Crews, S.C. & Gillespie, R.G. (2010) Patterns of habitat affinity and Austral/Holarctic parallelism in dictynoid spiders (Araneae: Entelegynae) Invertebrate Systematics, 24 (3), 238–257.

    https://doi.org/10.1071/IS10001

    Starrett, J., Hayashi, C., Derkarabetian, S. & Hedin, M. (2018) Cryptic elevational zonation in trapdoor spiders (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus janus complex) from the California southern Sierra Nevada. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 118, 403–413.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.003

    Vandergast, A.G., Bohonak, A.J., Weissman, D.B. & Fisher, R.N. (2007) Understanding the genetic effects of recent habitat fragmentation in the context of evolutionary history: phylogeography and landscape genetics of a southern California endemic Jerusalem cricket (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus). Molecular Ecology, 16, 977–992.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03216.x

    Wheeler, W.C., Coddington, J.A., Crowley, L.M., Dimitrov, D., Goloboff, P.A., Griswold, C.E., Hormiga, G., Prendini, L., Ramírez, M.J., Sierwald, P., Almeida-Silva, L.M., Álvarez-Padilla, F., Arnedo, M.A., Benavides, L.R., Benjamin, S.P., Bond, J.E., Grismado, C.J., Hasan, E., Hedin, M., Izquierdo, M.A., Labarque, F.M., Ledford, J., Lopardo, L., Maddison, W.P., Miller, J.A., Piacentini, L.N., Platnick, N.I., Polotow, D., Silva-Dávila, D., Scharff, N., Szűts, T., Ubick, D., Vink, C., Wood, H.M. & Zhang, J.X. (2017) The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics, 33 (6), 576–616.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12182

    World Spider Catalog. (2019) World Spider Catalog. Version 20.0. Natural History Museum, Bern. Available from: http://wsc.nmbe.ch (accessed 18 May 2019)

    Wilson, J.S., Gunnell, C.F., Wahl, D.B. & Pitts, J.P. (2013) Testing the species limits of the tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) endemic to California’s Southern Coast Ranges, USA. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6 (3), 365–371.

    https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12000