Abstract
A new and rare aetideid species of the benthopelagic genus Bradyetes Farran, 1905 is described from female specimens collected near the seafloor from the abyss of the Pacific, Atlantic and Southern Oceans between 2000 and 2014. The new species, Bradyetes paramatthei sp. nov., is described from the Kurile-Kamchatka Trench (Pacific Ocean) and is additionally reported from the Angola and Guinea basins and from the Meteor Seamount of the Atlantic Ocean. Bradyetes paramatthei sp. nov. is related to the species B. matthei Johannessen, 1976, but differs in the shape of the prosome posterior corners, which are oval-rounded, and in the proximal segment of the antennal exopod, which is supplied with one seta. These two species are shown to constitute a separate species group within the genus Bradyetes. The other species group contains the remaining congeners including Bradyetes inermis Farran, 1905, for which morphological variability is discussed. Specimens of this species show diverse morphology and comprise 3 morphotypes distinguished by the P1, with a developed or absent lateral lobe , the P1 basal medial seta, which is either nude or supplied with setules, and by the different number of setae of the maxillule praecoxal arthrite.
References
Bradford-Grieve, J.M. (2003) A new species of benthopelagic calanoid copepod of the genus Bradyidius Giesbrecht, 1897 (Calanoida, Aetideidae) from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37, 95–103.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2003.9517149
Bradford-Grieve, J.M., Boxshall, G., Ahyong, S. & Ohtsuka, S. (2010) Cladistic analysis of the calanoid Copepoda. Invertebrate Systematics, 24, 291–321.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS10007
Bradford-Grieve, J.M., Boxshall, G.A. & Blanco-Bercial, L. (2014) Revision of basal calanoid copepod families, with a description of a new species and genus of Pseudocyclopidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 171, 507–533.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12141
Bradford-Grieve, J.M. & Boxshall, G.A. (2019) Partial re-assessment of the family structure of the Clausocalanoidea (Copepoda: Calanoida) using morphological data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 185 (4), 958–986.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly086
Boxshall, G., Ferrari, F.D. & Tiemann, H. (Eds) (1984) The Ancestral Copepod: towards a consensus of opinion at the first International Conference on Copepoda Crustaceana. Supplement No. 7, Studies on Copepoda II. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Copepoda, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 24–28 August 1981, 68–84.
Bremer, K. (1994) Branch support and tree stability. Cladisitics, 10, 295–304.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1994.tb00179.x
Brenke, N. (2005) An epibenthic sledge for operations on marine soft bottom and bedrock. Marine Technology Society Journal, 39, 10–19.
https://doi.org/10.4031/002533205787444015
Brodsky, K.A., Vyshkvartseva, N.V., Kos, M.S. & Markhaseva, E.L. (1983) Oar-footed crustaceans (Copepoda: Calanoida) of the USSR seas and adjacent waters. Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR, Leningrad, 135, 1–357. [in Russian]
Dogiel, V.A. (1954) Oligomerization of homologous organs as one of the main paths in animal evolution. Leningrad University Press, St. Petersburg, 368 pp.
Farran, G.P. (1905) Report on the Copepoda of the Atlantic slope off counties Mayo and Galway. Annual Report Fisheries Ireland 1902–1903, 2 (App. 2), Scientific Investigations, 23–52.
Ferrari, F.D. & Ivanenko, K. (2001) Interpreting segment homologies of the maxilliped of cyclopoid copepods by comparing stage-specific changes during development. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 1, 113–131.
https://doi.org/10.1078/1439-6092-00009
Ferrari, F.D. & Ivanenko, K. (2008) The identity of protopodal segments and the ramus of maxilla 2 of copepods (Copepoda). Crustaceana, 81, 823–835.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854008784771702
Ferrari, F.D. & Markhaseva, E.L. (2000a) Brachycalanus flemingeri and B. brodskyi, two new copepods (Crustacea: Calanoida: Phaennidae) from benthopelagic waters of the tropical Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 113, 1064–1078.
Ferrari, F.D. & Markhaseva, E.L. (2000b) Grievella shanki, a new genus and species of scolecitrichid calanoid copepod (Crustacea) from a hydrothermal vent along the South East Pacific Rise. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 113, 1079–1088.
Giesbrecht, W. (1893) Systematik und Faunistik der pelagischen Copepoden des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres. Abschnitte. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, 19, 1–831.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59541
Grice, G.D. (1972) The existence of a bottom-living calanoid copepod fauna in deep water with descriptions of five new species. Crustaceana, 23, 219–242.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854072X00138
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MrBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Huys, R. & Boxshall, G.A. (1991) Copepod Evolution. The Ray Society, London, 468 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1163/193724092x00193
Johannessen, P.J. (1976) A new species and a new record of calanoid copepods from western Norway. Sarsia, 60, 19–24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1976.10411293
Lewis, P.O. (2001) A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology, 50, 913–925.
https://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462876
Markhaseva, E.L. (1980) Calanoid copepods of genus Jaschnovia nom.n. (Derjuginia Jaschnov nom. praeocc. (Calanoida, Aetideidae). Issledovaniya fauny morei, Leningrad, 25 (33), 63–75. [in Russian]
Markhaseva, E.L. (1996) Calanoid copepods of the family Aetideidae of the world ocean. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg, 268, 1–331.
Markhaseva, E.L. & Ferrari, F.D. (2006) New benthopelagic bradfordian calanoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Pacific Ocean with comments on generic relationships. Invertebrate Zoology, 2, 111–168.
https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.02.2.01
Markhaseva, E.L. & Renz, J. (2019) Two new calanoids (Copepoda: Aetideidae) from the abyss of the World Ocean. Arthropoda Selecta, 28 (2), 213–224.
https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel. 28.2.04
Markhaseva, E.L. & Schnack-Schiel, B. (2003) New and rare calanoid copepods from the Great Meteor Seamount, North Eastern Atlantic. Ophelia, 57 (2), 107–123.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00785236.2003.10409508
Markhaseva, E.L. & Schulz, K. (2006) New benthopelagic aetideids (Crustacea: Copepoda): Calanoida) from deep Antarctic waters. Invertebrate Zoology, 3, 137–155.
https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.03.2.02
Markhaseva, E.L. & Schulz, K. (2008) Two new species of Prolutamator gen. nov. and a new species of Pseudotharybis (Copepoda: Calanoida: Aetidaeidae) from deep waters of the South Atlantic and Antarctic. Mitteilung aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 105, 31–51.
Markhaseva, E.L., Schulz, K. & Martínez Arbizu, P. (2008) New family and genus Rostrocalanus gen. nov. (Crustacea: Calanoida: Rostrocalanidae fam. nov.) from deep Atlantic waters. Journal Natural History, 42, 2417–2441.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930802254771
Markhaseva, E.L., Laakmann, S. & Renz, J. (2014) An interim synopsis of the Bradfordian families with a description of Thoxancalanus spinatus (Copepoda: Calanoida), a new diaixid genus and species from the deep Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biodiversity, 44, 63–88.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-013-0185-0
Markhaseva, E.L., Bradford-Grieve, J. & Renz, J. (2017a) New records of the rare benthopelagic genera Comantenna Wilson, 1924 and Crassantenna Cole, Green, Howcroft et Rawlins, 1972 (Copepoda: Calanoida: Aetideidae) from the North Pacific abyss. Arthropoda Selecta, 26, 25–34.
https://doi.org/10.15298/arthsel.26.1.04
Markhaseva, E.L., Mohrbeck, I. & Renz, J. (2017b) Description of Pseudeuchaeta vulgaris n.sp. (Copepoda: Calanoida), a new aetideid species from the deep Pacific Ocean with notes on the biogeography of benthopelagic aetideid calanoids. Marine Biodiversity, 47, 289–297.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0527-9
Matthews, J.B.L. (1964) On the biology of some bottom-living copepods (Aetideidae and Phaennidae) from western Norway. Sarsia, 16, 1–46.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.1964.10409532
Othsuka, S., Boxshall, G.A. & Shimomura, M. (2005) Three new species of deep-sea hyperbenthic aetideid copepods (Crustacea) collected from Nansei Islands, southwestern Japan. In: Hasegawa, K., Shinohara, G. & Takeda, M. (Eds.), Deep-Sea Fauna and Pollutants in Nansei Islands. National Science Museum Monographs, 29, pp. 225–247.
Park, T.S. (1970) Calanoid copepods from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. 2. New species and new records from plankton samples. Bulletin of Marine Science, 20 (2), 472–546.
Renz, J. & Markhaseva, E.L. (2015) First insights into genus level diversity and biogeography of deep sea benthopelagic calanoid copepods in the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 105, 96–110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.08.007
Renz, J., Markhaseva, E.L. & Laakmann, S. (2018) “The phylogeny of Ryocalanoidea (Copepoda, Calanoida) based on morphology and a multi gene analysis with a description of new ryocalanoidean species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 185 (4), 1–33.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly069
Shih, C.T., Rainville, L. & Maclellan, D.C. (1981) Copepodids of Bradyidius similis (Sars, 1902) (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Saguenay Fjord and the St. Lawrence Estuary. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59 (6), 1079–1093.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z81-150
Schulz, K. (1989) Notes on rare spinocalanid copepods from the eastern North Atlantic, with descriptions of new species of the genera Spinocalanus and Teneriforma (Copepoda: Calanoida). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 86, 185–208.
Schulz, K. (2002) A new species of the hyperbenthic copepod genus Comantenna Wilson,1924 (Calanoida: Aetideidae) from the eastern Weddell Sea. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 99, 101–107.
Schulz, K. (2005) New species of benthopelagic copepods (Crustacea, Calanoida) from the deep Southern Ocean. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Museum und Institut, 102, 51–70.
Schulz, K. & Markhaseva, E.L. (2000) Parabradyidius angelikae, a new genus and species of benthopelagic copepod (Calanoida: Aetideidae) from the deep Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 97, 77–89.
Sorenson, M.D. (1996) TreeRot. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. [programme]
Swofford, D. (2002) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Available from: http://paup.csit.fsu.edu/ (accessed 12 July 2019)
Vaupel Klein, J.C. von & Rijerkerk, C.D.M. (1996) A detailed redescription of the Pseudochirella obesa female (Copepoda, Calanoida). I. General part; trunk and antennules. Crustaceana, 69, 568–593.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854096X00592
Vaupel Klein, J.C. von & Rijerkerk, C.D.M. (1997) A detailed redescription of the Pseudochirella obesa female (Copepoda, Calanoida). II.Antennae and mouthparts. Crustaceana, 70, 394–417.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854097X00023