Abstract
We describe three new penicillate millipede species from Con Dao Archipelago in southeastern Vietnam: Alloproctoides consonensis n. sp. (Lophoproctidae), Monographis condorensis n. sp. (Polyxenidae), and Unixenis moniqueae n. sp. (Polyxenidae). Comparative morphological and genetic studies based on 18S and COI genes indicate that all three species differ from previously described species.
References
Attems, C. (1907) Javanische Myriopoden, gesammelt von Direktor K. Kraepelin im Jahre 1903. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 24 (1906), 77–142.
Attems, C. (1938) Die von Dr. C. Dawydoff in französisch Indochina gesammelten Myriopoden. Mémoires du Muséum national d‘histoire naturelle, Nouvelle Série, 6, 187–353.
Barcode of Life (2010–2019) Available from: http://www.barcodeoflife.org (accessed 8 June 2019)
Brölemann, H.W. (1931) Myriapodes recueillis en Nouvelle -Calédonie et aux Loyality. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 72 (2), 275–316.
Condé, B. & Jacquemin, M. (1962) Dipolopodes Pénicillates de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Revue Française d’Entomologie, 29 (4), 254–285.
Condé, B. & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. (1963) Diplopodes Pénicillates récoltés à Bombay par P.A. Remy. Revue française d’Entomologie, 30, 68–78.
Condé, B. & Terver, D. (1963) Pénicillates de Côte d’Ivoire (récoltes de M. Vuillaume). Bulletin Scientifique de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, 25 (A), 669–684.
Condé, B. & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. (1984) Diplopodes pénicillates de Papouasie et de Borneo. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 91 (1), 47–55.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.81868
Condé, B. & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. (2008) Classification actuelle des Diplopodes Pénicillates (Myriapodes) avec nouvelles définition des taxa. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 133 (4), 291–302.
GenBank (2020) Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 12 June 2019)
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Wndow 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2013) Taxonomy and biology of a new species of Pincushion Millipede of the genus Monographis (Diplopoda: Polyxenida) from Australia. Zootaxa, 3721 (6), 573–588.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.6.4
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2015) Description of a new species of Penicillate Millipede from the genus Monographis (Diplopoda: Polyxenidae) found in Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3964 (4), 460–474.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3964.4.5
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2018a) Two new species of Phryssonotus (Diplopoda: Synxenidae) from southern and western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 65 (4), 248–256.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO17074
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2018b) Two new Lophoturus species (Diplopoda, Polyxenida, Lophoproctidae) from Queensland, Australia. ZooKeys, 741, 133–154.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21814
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2018c) Two new species pf penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam. Zootaxa, 4402 (2), 283–302.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.3
Ishii, K., Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1999) The first penicillate millipeds from the vicinity of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil (Diplopoda: Polyxenida). Amazoniana, 15 (3–4), 239–267.
Ishii, K. & Yin, W.-Y. (2000) New species of Penicillata (Diplopoda) from Yunnan, Southwest China. In: Aoki, J., Yin, W.Y. & Imadate, G. (Eds.), Taxonomical studies on the soil fauna of Yunnan Province in Southwest China. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 91–116.
Jones, S. (1937) On two new south Indian pselaphognathous diplopods. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 119, 138–146.
Jones, S. (1944) Mechanism of defence in a Pselaphognathous Diplopod, Unixenus padamanbhii Jones. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, 31 (3), 94–95.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis Version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecualr Biology and Evulotion, 33, 1870–1874.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Luan, Y.X., Mallatt, J.M., Xie, R.D., Yang, Y.M. & Yin, W.Y. (2005) The phylogenetic positions of three basal-hexapod groups (Protura, Diplura, and Collembola) based on ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 1579–1592.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi148
Lucas, H. (1840) Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Myriapodes. P. Duménil, Paris, 600 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44485
Manton, S.M. (1956) The Evolution of Arthropodan Locomotory Mechanisms—Part 5: The Structure, Habits and Evolution of the Pselaphognatha (Diplopoda). Journal of the Linnean Society London, 43, 153–187.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1957.tb02516.x
Marquet, M.L. & Condé, B. (1950) Contribution à la connaissance des Diplopodes Pénicillates d’Afrique et de la région madécasse. Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série A, 4, 113–134.
Meyer, C.P. (2003) Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 401– 459.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00197.x
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1966) Pénicillates nidicoles de Malaisie. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 3, 621–624.
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1967) Morphologie et géonémie du genre Monographis. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 64, 43–81.
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1982) Lophoproctidés insulaires de l’océan Pacifique (Diplopodes Pénicillates). Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 4e série, Section A, Zoologie, 4 (1–2), 95–118.
Pocock, R.I. (1894) Contributions to the knowledge of the Diplopoda of Liguria. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, Serie 2, 14, 505–525
Schubart, O. (1947) Os Diplopodos da viagem do naturalista Antenor Leitao de Carvalho aos rios Araguaia e Amazonas em 1939 e 1940. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 82, 1–74.
Short, M. & Huynh, C. (2010) A technique for examination of diagnostic characters of penicillate millipedes. Memoirs of Queensland Museum, Nature, 55 (1), 231–234.
Short, M. & Huynh, C. (2011) The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. Zookeys, 156, 105–122.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.156.2168
Short, M. & Huynh, C. (2013) Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys, 278, 75–90.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4765
Silvestri, F. (1897) Systema Diplopodum. Annali del Museo Cicico di Naturale di Genova, Serie 2, 18, 644–651.
Silvestri, F. (1948) Tavola sinottica dei generi dei Diplopoda Penicillata. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria, Portici, 8, 214–220.
Turbeville, J.M., Pfeifer, D.M., Field, K.G. & Raff, R.A. (1991) The phylogenetic status of arthropods, as inferred from 18S rRNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 8, 669–686.
Turk, F.A. (1947) On a collection of Diplopods from north India, both Cavernicolous and Epigean. Proceeding of the Zoological Society of London, 117, 65–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00498.x
Verhoeff, K.W. (1924) Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergi’s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 34. Myriapoda: Diplopoda. Arkiv för Zoologi, 16 (5), 1–142.
Verhoeff, K.W. (1934) Über einige meist neue Diplopoden aus den zentralen Südalpen. 134. Diplopoden-Aufsatz. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 107 (5–6), 140–154.
Wesener, T., Raupach, M.J. & Sierwald, P. (2010) The origins of the giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthroshaeridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 1184–1193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.023
Wesener, T., Voigtländer, K., Decker, P., Oeyen, J.P. & Spelda, J. (2016) Barcoding of Central European Cryptops centipedes reveals large interspecific distances with ghost lineages and new species records from Germany and Austria (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). ZooKeys, 564, 21–46.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.7535
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 315–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Attems, C. (1907) Javanische Myriopoden, gesammelt von Direktor K. Kraepelin im Jahre 1903. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 24 (1906), 77–142.
Attems, C. (1938) Die von Dr. C. Dawydoff in französisch Indochina gesammelten Myriopoden. Mémoires du Muséum national d‘histoire naturelle, Nouvelle Série, 6, 187–353.
Barcode of Life (2010–2019) Available from: http://www.barcodeoflife.org (accessed 8 June 2019)
Brölemann, H.W. (1931) Myriapodes recueillis en Nouvelle -Calédonie et aux Loyality. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 72 (2), 275–316.
Condé, B. & Jacquemin, M. (1962) Dipolopodes Pénicillates de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Revue Française d’Entomologie, 29 (4), 254–285.
Condé, B. & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. (1963) Diplopodes Pénicillates récoltés à Bombay par P.A. Remy. Revue française d’Entomologie, 30, 68–78.
Condé, B. & Terver, D. (1963) Pénicillates de Côte d’Ivoire (récoltes de M. Vuillaume). Bulletin Scientifique de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire, 25 (A), 669–684.
Condé, B. & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. (1984) Diplopodes pénicillates de Papouasie et de Borneo. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 91 (1), 47–55.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.81868
Condé, B. & Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. (2008) Classification actuelle des Diplopodes Pénicillates (Myriapodes) avec nouvelles définition des taxa. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 133 (4), 291–302.
GenBank (2020) Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 12 June 2019)
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Wndow 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acid Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2013) Taxonomy and biology of a new species of Pincushion Millipede of the genus Monographis (Diplopoda: Polyxenida) from Australia. Zootaxa, 3721 (6), 573–588.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.6.4
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2015) Description of a new species of Penicillate Millipede from the genus Monographis (Diplopoda: Polyxenidae) found in Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3964 (4), 460–474.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3964.4.5
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2018a) Two new species of Phryssonotus (Diplopoda: Synxenidae) from southern and western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 65 (4), 248–256.
https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO17074
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2018b) Two new Lophoturus species (Diplopoda, Polyxenida, Lophoproctidae) from Queensland, Australia. ZooKeys, 741, 133–154.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.741.21814
Huynh, C. & Veenstra, A. (2018c) Two new species pf penicillate millipedes (Diplopoda, Polyxenidae) from Phu Quoc Island in southern Vietnam. Zootaxa, 4402 (2), 283–302.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.3
Ishii, K., Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1999) The first penicillate millipeds from the vicinity of Manaus, Central Amazonia, Brazil (Diplopoda: Polyxenida). Amazoniana, 15 (3–4), 239–267.
Ishii, K. & Yin, W.-Y. (2000) New species of Penicillata (Diplopoda) from Yunnan, Southwest China. In: Aoki, J., Yin, W.Y. & Imadate, G. (Eds.), Taxonomical studies on the soil fauna of Yunnan Province in Southwest China. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 91–116.
Jones, S. (1937) On two new south Indian pselaphognathous diplopods. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 119, 138–146.
Jones, S. (1944) Mechanism of defence in a Pselaphognathous Diplopod, Unixenus padamanbhii Jones. Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress, 31 (3), 94–95.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis Version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecualr Biology and Evulotion, 33, 1870–1874.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Luan, Y.X., Mallatt, J.M., Xie, R.D., Yang, Y.M. & Yin, W.Y. (2005) The phylogenetic positions of three basal-hexapod groups (Protura, Diplura, and Collembola) based on ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22, 1579–1592.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi148
Lucas, H. (1840) Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Myriapodes. P. Duménil, Paris, 600 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.44485
Manton, S.M. (1956) The Evolution of Arthropodan Locomotory Mechanisms—Part 5: The Structure, Habits and Evolution of the Pselaphognatha (Diplopoda). Journal of the Linnean Society London, 43, 153–187.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1957.tb02516.x
Marquet, M.L. & Condé, B. (1950) Contribution à la connaissance des Diplopodes Pénicillates d’Afrique et de la région madécasse. Mémoires de l’Institut Scientifique de Madagascar, Série A, 4, 113–134.
Meyer, C.P. (2003) Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 79, 401– 459.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00197.x
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1966) Pénicillates nidicoles de Malaisie. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol, 3, 621–624.
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1967) Morphologie et géonémie du genre Monographis. Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 64, 43–81.
Nguyen Duy-Jacquemin, M. & Condé, B. (1982) Lophoproctidés insulaires de l’océan Pacifique (Diplopodes Pénicillates). Bulletin du Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, 4e série, Section A, Zoologie, 4 (1–2), 95–118.
Pocock, R.I. (1894) Contributions to the knowledge of the Diplopoda of Liguria. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, Serie 2, 14, 505–525
Schubart, O. (1947) Os Diplopodos da viagem do naturalista Antenor Leitao de Carvalho aos rios Araguaia e Amazonas em 1939 e 1940. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, 82, 1–74.
Short, M. & Huynh, C. (2010) A technique for examination of diagnostic characters of penicillate millipedes. Memoirs of Queensland Museum, Nature, 55 (1), 231–234.
Short, M. & Huynh, C. (2011) The genus Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) in Australia. Zookeys, 156, 105–122.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.156.2168
Short, M. & Huynh, C. (2013) Four new species of Unixenus Jones, 1944 (Diplopoda, Penicillata, Polyxenida) from Australia. ZooKeys, 278, 75–90.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4765
Silvestri, F. (1897) Systema Diplopodum. Annali del Museo Cicico di Naturale di Genova, Serie 2, 18, 644–651.
Silvestri, F. (1948) Tavola sinottica dei generi dei Diplopoda Penicillata. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria, Portici, 8, 214–220.
Turbeville, J.M., Pfeifer, D.M., Field, K.G. & Raff, R.A. (1991) The phylogenetic status of arthropods, as inferred from 18S rRNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 8, 669–686.
Turk, F.A. (1947) On a collection of Diplopods from north India, both Cavernicolous and Epigean. Proceeding of the Zoological Society of London, 117, 65–78.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00498.x
Verhoeff, K.W. (1924) Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergi’s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. 34. Myriapoda: Diplopoda. Arkiv för Zoologi, 16 (5), 1–142.
Verhoeff, K.W. (1934) Über einige meist neue Diplopoden aus den zentralen Südalpen. 134. Diplopoden-Aufsatz. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 107 (5–6), 140–154.
Wesener, T., Raupach, M.J. & Sierwald, P. (2010) The origins of the giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthroshaeridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 57, 1184–1193.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.023
Wesener, T., Voigtländer, K., Decker, P., Oeyen, J.P. & Spelda, J. (2016) Barcoding of Central European Cryptops centipedes reveals large interspecific distances with ghost lineages and new species records from Germany and Austria (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha). ZooKeys, 564, 21–46.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.564.7535
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.), PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 315–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1