Abstract
Worldwide species of the genus Spathius Nees with reduced wings are reviewed. A new micropterous species, Spathius himalayicus Ranjith et Belokobylskij, sp. nov. from Northeast India is described and illustrated. A key to all known brachypterous, micropterous and apterous Spathius species is provided. Images of seven species not previously imaged, viz., S. apotanus Wilkinson, 1931, S. canariensis Hedqvist, 1976, S. critolaus Nixon, 1939, S. cursor Wilkinson, 1931, S. maderi Fahringer, 1930, S. pedestris Wesmael, 1838 and S. turneri Nixon, 1943, are provided.
References
Agosti, D. & Alonso, L. (2000) The ALL protocol: a standard protocolfor the collection of ground-dwelling ants. In: Agosti, D., Majer, J.D., Alonso, L.E. & Schultz, T. (Eds.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 204–206.
Austin, A.D. & Jennings, J.T. (2009) A new highly aberrant doryctine wasp, Spathius lubomiri sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Doryctinae), from Lord Howe Island. ZooKeys, 20, 275–284.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.20.120
Belokobylskij, S.A. (1992) On the classification and phylogeny of the braconid wasp subfamilies Doryctinae and Exothecinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Part I. On the classification. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 71, 900–928.
Belokobylskij, S.A. (2003)The species of the genus Spathius Nees, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) not included in the monograph by Nixon (1943). Annales Zoologici, 53 (3), 347–488.
Belokobylskij, S.A. & Austin, A.D. (2013) New species of flightless doryctine parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Entomology, 52, 4, 338–355.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12042
Belokobylskij, S.A. & Kula, R.R. (2012) Review of the brachypterous, micropterous, and apterous Braconidae of the cyclostome lineage (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) from the Palearctic Region. Zootaxa, 3240 (1), 1–62.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3240.1.1
Belokobylskij, S.A. & Maeto, K. (2009) Doryctinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Japan. Fauna Mundi Vol. 1. Naturaoptima dux Foundation, Warsaw, 806 pp.
https://doi.org/10.3161/067.058.0107
Belokobylskij, S.A., Zaldívar-Riverón, A. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2004) Phylogeny of the genera of the parasitic wasps subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on morphological evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142, 369–404.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00133.x
Bestelmeyer, B.T., Agosti, D., Alonso, L.E., Brandao, C., Brown, W., Delabie, J.H. & Silvestre, R. (2000) Field techniques forthe study of ground-dwelling ant: an overview, description, andevaluation. In: Agosti, D. (Ed.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 122–144.
Brothers, D.J. (1975) Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50 (11), 483–648.
Fahringer, J. (1930) Palaearktischen Region. Opuscula Braconologica, 3 (1–2), 1–160.
Harris, R.A. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Occasional Paper, 28, 1–31.
Hedqvist, K.-J. ([1975] 1976) New species of Spathius Nees, 1818 and a key to the species of Europe and Canary Islands (Hym. Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae). Eos, 51, 51–63.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 732 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10306-7
Marsh, P.M. (1997) Subfamily Doryctinae. In: Wharton, R.A., Marsh, P.M. & Sharkey, M.J. (Eds.), Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). International Society of Hymenopterists Special Publication No. 1, International Society of Hymenopterists, Washington, D.C., pp. 206–233.
Marsh, P.M. (2002) The Doryctinae of Costa Rica (excluding the genus Heterospilus). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 70, 1–319.
Nixon, G.E.J. (1939) New species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 30, 119–128.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300004430
Nixon, G.E.J. (1943) A revision of the Spathiinae of the Old World (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 93, 173–495.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00434.x
Quicke, D.L.J. (2015) Biology, systematics, evolution and ecology of braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, 688 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118907085
Rasnitsyn, P.A. (1980) Origin and evolution of the Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 174, 1–192.
Reid, J.A. (1941) The thorax of the wingless and short-winged Hymenoptera. Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 91 (8), 367–446.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1941.tb01046.x
Sheeba, M. (2017) A Review of Indian species of Spathius Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In: Santhosh, S., Nasser, M. & Sudheer, K. (Eds.), Insect Diversity and Taxonomy Prof T.C. Narendran Commemoration Volume. Prof T.C. Narendran Trust for Animal taxonomy, Kozhikode, Kerala, pp. 273–306.
Shenefelt, R.D. & Marsh, P.M. (1976) Pars 13. Braconidae 9. Doryctinae. In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R.D. (Eds.), Hymenopterorum Catalogus. Dr W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 1263–1424.
Tang, P., Belokobylskij, S.A. & Chen, X.X. (2015) Spathius Nees, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) from China with a key to species. Zootaxa, 3960 (1), 1–132.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3960.1.1
Wesmael, C. (1838) Monographie des Braconides de Belgique. 4. Nouveaux Mémoires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences et Bellas-lettres de Bruxelles, 11, 1–166.
Wharton, R.A. & Hanson, P.E. (2005) Gall wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). In: Raman, A., Schaefer, W.C. & Withers, T.M. (Eds.), Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 495–505.
Wilkinson, D.S. (1931) On the Indo-Australian and Ethiopian species of the braconid genus Spathius (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 79, 505–530.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1931.tb00714.x
Yu, D.S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2012) Home of Ichneumonoidea. Available from: http://www.taxapad.com
(accessed 21 November 2019)Zaldívar-Riverón, A., Belokobylskij, S.A., Meza-Lázaro, R., Pedraza-Lara, C., García-París, M. & Meseguer, A.S. (2018) Species delimitation, global phylogeny and historical biogeography of the parasitoid wasp genus Spathius (Braconidae: Doryctinae) reveal multiple Oligocene-Miocene intercontinental dispersal events. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 182 (4), 723–734.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx050
Zaldivar-Riveron, A., Martinez, J.J., Belokobylskij, S.A., Pedraza-Lara, C., Shaw, S.R., Hanson, P.E. & Varela-Hernandez, F. (2014) Systematic and evolution of gall formation in the plant-associated genera of the wasp subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Systematic Entomology, 39 (4), 633–659.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12078
Agosti, D. & Alonso, L. (2000) The ALL protocol: a standard protocolfor the collection of ground-dwelling ants. In: Agosti, D., Majer, J.D., Alonso, L.E. & Schultz, T. (Eds.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 204–206.
Austin, A.D. & Jennings, J.T. (2009) A new highly aberrant doryctine wasp, Spathius lubomiri sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Doryctinae), from Lord Howe Island. ZooKeys, 20, 275–284.
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.20.120
Belokobylskij, S.A. (1992) On the classification and phylogeny of the braconid wasp subfamilies Doryctinae and Exothecinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Part I. On the classification. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 71, 900–928.
Belokobylskij, S.A. (2003)The species of the genus Spathius Nees, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) not included in the monograph by Nixon (1943). Annales Zoologici, 53 (3), 347–488.
Belokobylskij, S.A. & Austin, A.D. (2013) New species of flightless doryctine parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Entomology, 52, 4, 338–355.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12042
Belokobylskij, S.A. & Kula, R.R. (2012) Review of the brachypterous, micropterous, and apterous Braconidae of the cyclostome lineage (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) from the Palearctic Region. Zootaxa, 3240 (1), 1–62.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3240.1.1
Belokobylskij, S.A. & Maeto, K. (2009) Doryctinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Japan. Fauna Mundi Vol. 1. Naturaoptima dux Foundation, Warsaw, 806 pp.
https://doi.org/10.3161/067.058.0107
Belokobylskij, S.A., Zaldívar-Riverón, A. & Quicke, D.L.J. (2004) Phylogeny of the genera of the parasitic wasps subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) based on morphological evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 142, 369–404.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00133.x
Bestelmeyer, B.T., Agosti, D., Alonso, L.E., Brandao, C., Brown, W., Delabie, J.H. & Silvestre, R. (2000) Field techniques forthe study of ground-dwelling ant: an overview, description, andevaluation. In: Agosti, D. (Ed.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 122–144.
Brothers, D.J. (1975) Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to Mutillidae. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 50 (11), 483–648.
Fahringer, J. (1930) Palaearktischen Region. Opuscula Braconologica, 3 (1–2), 1–160.
Harris, R.A. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Occasional Paper, 28, 1–31.
Hedqvist, K.-J. ([1975] 1976) New species of Spathius Nees, 1818 and a key to the species of Europe and Canary Islands (Hym. Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae). Eos, 51, 51–63.
Hölldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 732 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10306-7
Marsh, P.M. (1997) Subfamily Doryctinae. In: Wharton, R.A., Marsh, P.M. & Sharkey, M.J. (Eds.), Manual of the New World Genera of the Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). International Society of Hymenopterists Special Publication No. 1, International Society of Hymenopterists, Washington, D.C., pp. 206–233.
Marsh, P.M. (2002) The Doryctinae of Costa Rica (excluding the genus Heterospilus). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 70, 1–319.
Nixon, G.E.J. (1939) New species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 30, 119–128.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300004430
Nixon, G.E.J. (1943) A revision of the Spathiinae of the Old World (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 93, 173–495.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1943.tb00434.x
Quicke, D.L.J. (2015) Biology, systematics, evolution and ecology of braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, 688 pp.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118907085
Rasnitsyn, P.A. (1980) Origin and evolution of the Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 174, 1–192.
Reid, J.A. (1941) The thorax of the wingless and short-winged Hymenoptera. Transaction of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 91 (8), 367–446.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1941.tb01046.x
Sheeba, M. (2017) A Review of Indian species of Spathius Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In: Santhosh, S., Nasser, M. & Sudheer, K. (Eds.), Insect Diversity and Taxonomy Prof T.C. Narendran Commemoration Volume. Prof T.C. Narendran Trust for Animal taxonomy, Kozhikode, Kerala, pp. 273–306.
Shenefelt, R.D. & Marsh, P.M. (1976) Pars 13. Braconidae 9. Doryctinae. In: van der Vecht, J. & Shenefelt, R.D. (Eds.), Hymenopterorum Catalogus. Dr W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 1263–1424.
Tang, P., Belokobylskij, S.A. & Chen, X.X. (2015) Spathius Nees, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) from China with a key to species. Zootaxa, 3960 (1), 1–132.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3960.1.1
Wesmael, C. (1838) Monographie des Braconides de Belgique. 4. Nouveaux Mémoires de l’Academie Royale des Sciences et Bellas-lettres de Bruxelles, 11, 1–166.
Wharton, R.A. & Hanson, P.E. (2005) Gall wasps in the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). In: Raman, A., Schaefer, W.C. & Withers, T.M. (Eds.), Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-inducing Arthropods. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, pp. 495–505.
Wilkinson, D.S. (1931) On the Indo-Australian and Ethiopian species of the braconid genus Spathius (Hymenoptera). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 79, 505–530.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1931.tb00714.x
Yu, D.S., van Achterberg, C. & Horstmann, K. (2012) Home of Ichneumonoidea. Available from: http://www.taxapad.com
(accessed 21 November 2019)Zaldívar-Riverón, A., Belokobylskij, S.A., Meza-Lázaro, R., Pedraza-Lara, C., García-París, M. & Meseguer, A.S. (2018) Species delimitation, global phylogeny and historical biogeography of the parasitoid wasp genus Spathius (Braconidae: Doryctinae) reveal multiple Oligocene-Miocene intercontinental dispersal events. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 182 (4), 723–734.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx050
Zaldivar-Riveron, A., Martinez, J.J., Belokobylskij, S.A., Pedraza-Lara, C., Shaw, S.R., Hanson, P.E. & Varela-Hernandez, F. (2014) Systematic and evolution of gall formation in the plant-associated genera of the wasp subfamily Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Systematic Entomology, 39 (4), 633–659.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12078