Abstract
The genus Zygophylax is a genus of leptothecate hydroids considerably rich in the number of species in the deep sea. In this study we review five species, Z. africana, Z. crozetensis, Z. infundibulum, Z. millardae and Z. geminocarpa, from southern Africa based on available material from several collections, describing and illustrating materials from type series or additional material. Additionally, we describe Zygophylax naomiae sp. nov. collected in South Africa at a depth of 287 m, distinguished from its congeners by the strong pattern of annulations of the pedicels of the hydrotheca and the nematotheca.
References
Altuna, A. (2012) New records of bathyal Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from the Bay of Biscay and the northwestern Iberian Peninsula (northeastern Atlantic). Zootaxa, 3565 (1), 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3565.1.1
Antsulevich, A.E. (1988) Hydroids of the genus Zygophylax (Hydrozoa, Zygophylacidae) in the fauna of the USSR. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 67 (1), 123–127.
Bale, W.M. (1884) Catalogue of the australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum, Sydney, 198 pp.
Billard, Α. (1905) Note sur quelques hydroïdes de l’expédition du Travailleur. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle, 11, 97–100.
Billard, Α. (1918) Notes sur quelques espèces d’hydroïdes de l’expédition du Siboga. Archives de Zoologie expérimentale et générale, 57 (2), 21–27.
Billard, Α. (1924) Note critique sur divers genres et espèces d’hydroïdes avec la description de trois espèces nouvelles. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 31 (2), 53–74.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.117788
Billard, Α. (1942) Note sur une nouvelle espèce et une nouvelle variété de Zygophylax (hydroïdes). Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France, 67, 34–36.
Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pagès, F., Gili, J.-M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 194, 1–591.
Busk, G. (1857) Zoophytology. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 5, 172–174.
Calder, D.R. & Vervoort, W. (1998) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 319, 1–65.
Campos, F.F., Marques, A.C., Puce, S. & Pérez, C.D. (2016) Zygophylax kakaiba, a new species of hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Zygophylacidae) from the Philippine Islands. Zootaxa, 4088 (3), 438–444.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.9
Clarke, S.F. (1894) Reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried out by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer “Albatross”, during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z.L. Tanner, U.S.N. commanding. The hydroids. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 25, 71–77.
Cornelius, P.F.S. (1992) Medusa loss in leptolid Hydrozoan (Cnidaria), hydroid rafting, and abbreviated life-cycles among their remote-island faunae: an interim review. Scientia Marina, 56, 245–261.
Cunha, A.F., Collins, A.G. & Marques, A.C. (2017) Phylogenetic relationships of Proboscoida Broch, 1910 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): are traditional morphological diagnostic characters relevant for the delimitation of lineages at the species, genus, and family levels? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 106, 118–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.012
Galea, H.R. & Schuchert, P. (2019) Some thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program. European Journal of Taxonomy, 562, 1–70.
https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.562
Gravier-Bonnet, N. (1979) Hydraires semi-profonds de Madagascar, (Coelenterata Hydrozoa), ,etude systématique et écologique. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 169, 3–76.
Hirohito, H.M. (1983) Hydroids from Izu Ôshima and Niijima. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 83 pp.
Hirohito, H.M. (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Part II, Thecata. Publications of the Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, Tokyo, 355 pp.
Jäderholm, Ε. (1919) Zur Kenntis der Hydroidenfauna Japans. Arkiv för Zoologi, 12 (9), 1–34.
Jarvis, F.E. (1922) The hydroids from the Chagos, Seychelles and other islands and from the coasts of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Transactions Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 18, 331–360.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb00553.x
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Vol. 2. Verdière, Paris, 568 pp.
Leclère, L., Schuchert, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. & Manuel, M. (2009) Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology, 58 (5), 509–526.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp044
Leloup, E. (1940) Hydropolypes provenant des croisières du Prince Albert ler de Monaco. Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par le Prince Albert 1er de Monaco, 104, 1–38.
Maronna, M.M., Miranda, T.P., Peña Cantero, Á.L., Barbeitos, M.S. & Marques, A.C. (2016) Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports, 6 (18075), 1–23.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18075
Marques, A.C., Peña-Cantero, A.L. & Vervoort, W. (2000) Mediterranean species of Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 (Hydrozoa, Anthomedusae, Eudendriidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Zoology, 252, 197–213.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00615.x
Millard, N.A.H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coasts of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South African Museum, 44 (5), 165–226.
Millard, N.A.H. (1964) The Hydrozoa of the south and west coasts of South Africa. Part II. The Lafoeidae, Syntheciidae and Sertulariidae. Annals of the South African Museum, 48 (1), 1–56.
Millard, N.A.H. (1968) South African hydroids from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Java-South Africa expedition, 1929–1930. Videnskalbelige. Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk. Forening i Kjöbenhavn, 131, 251–288.
Millard, N.A.H. (1973) Auto-epizoism in South African hydroids. In: Recent trends in research in coelenterate biology. Proceedings of The Second International Symposium on Cnidaria, Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 20, 23–34.
https://doi.org/10.5134/175792
Millard, N.A.H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 68, 1–513.
Millard, N.A.H. (1977a) Hydroida. The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 3. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (5), 105–131.
Millard, N.A.H. (1977b) Hydroids from the Kerguelen and Crozet shelves, collected by the cruise MD.03 of the Marion-Dufresne. Annals of the South African Museum, 73 (1), 1–47.
Millard, N.A.H. (1978) The geographical distribution of southern African hydroids. Annals of the South African Museum, 74, 159–200.
Millard, N.A.H. (1979) Type specimens of Hydroida (Coelenterata) in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum, 77 (8), 133–150.
Millard, N.A.H. (1980) Hydroida. The South African Museum’s Meiring Naude cruises. Part 11. Annals of the South African Museum, 82 (4), 129–153.
Miranda, T.P., Genzano, G.N. & Marques, A.C. (2015) Areas of endemism in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa, 4033 (4), 484–506.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.2
Moura, C.J., Cunha, M.R., Porteiro, F.M. & Rogers, A.D. (2012) Polyphyly and cryptic diversity in the hydrozoan families Lafoeidae and Hebellidae (Cnidaria : Hydrozoa). Invertebrate Systematics, 25, 454–470
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11045
Nutting, C. (1905) Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 931–959.
Pictet, C. & Bedot, M. (1900) Hydraires provenant des campagnes de l’ “Hirondelle” (1886-1888). Résultats des Campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par le Prince Albert 1er de Monaco, 18, 1–59.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11294
Puce, S., Cerrano, C., Marques, A.C. & Bavestrello, G. (2005) Eudendrium klausi (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), a new species of hydroid from Belize. Journal of Marine Biologal Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 291–305.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315405011185h
Quelch, J.J. (1885) On some deep-sea and shallow-water Hydrozoa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 16 (91), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938509487499
Ramil, F. & Vervoort, W. (1992) Report on the Hydroida collected by the “BALGIM” expedition in and around the Strait of Gibraltar. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 277, 3–262.
Rees, W.J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 237, 1–209.
Ritchie, J. (1907) The hydroids of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 519–545.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800022821
Ritchie, J. (1911) Contribution to our knowledge of the hydroid fauna of the west of Scotland. Being an account of the collections made by Sir John Murray, K.C.B., on S.Y. “Medusa”. Annals of Scottish natural History, 20 (80), 217–225.
Ruthensteiner, B., Reinicke, G. & Straube, N. (2008) The Type Material of Hydrozoa described by Eberhard Stechow in the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Spixiana, 31, 3–27.
Saemundsson, B. (1911) Bidrag til Kundskaben om de islandske Hydroider. Part II. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 63, 67–107.
Sars, G.O. (1874) Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, 1873, 91–150.
Schuchert, P. (2000) Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Iceland collected by the BIOICE programme. Sarsia, 85 (5–6), 411–438.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00364827.2000.10414592
Stechow, E. (1913) Neue Genera thecater Hydroiden aus der Familie der Lafoeiden und neue Species von Thecaten aus Japan. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43 (3), 137–144.
Stechow, E. (1923) Über Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition, nebst Bemerkungen über einige andre Formen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 56, 1–20.
Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ‘Valdivia’ 1898–1899, 27, 383–546.
Stechow, E. (1926) Einige neue Hydroiden aus verschiedenen Meeresgebieten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 68 (3–4), 96–108.
Totton, A.K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Reports. British Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Expedition, 1910. Zoology, 5 (5), 131–252.
Van Praët, M. (1979) Les types de polypes d’Hydraires conservés au Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 4 (1), 871–940.
Vervoort, W. (2006) Leptolida (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, The Netherlands [Anthoathecata, various families of Leptothecata and addenda]. Zoologische Mededelingen, 80, 181–318.
Vervoort, W. & Vasseur, P. (1977) Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 159, 3–98.
Vervoort, W. & Watson, J.E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 119, 1–538.
Watson, J.E. (1973) Hydroids. In: Pearson Island Expedition, 1969–9. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 97 (3), pp. 153–200.