Abstract
Aglaopheniids were sampled from 48 survey locations in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands during September 2016 to January 2019. Seven species were encountered during the study period, of which three are first reports to India recorded from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, viz., Aglaophenia cupressina Lamouroux, 1816, Lytocarpia brevirostris (Busk, 1852) and L. delicatula (Busk, 1852). The descriptions of 4 species, viz., Gymnangium hians (Busk, 1852), Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpeuner, 1872, M. phoenicea (Busk, 1852) and Monoserius pennarius (Linnaeus, 1758), are provided after a taxonomic gap of 108 years from the Islands. Hydroids were observed to be growing on a variety of substrates; rocks, boulders, dead corals, polychaete tubes, ship hull and sand. Some associated fauna was catalogued as well such as the bivalve, Pterelectroma physoides (Lamarck, 1819) associated with G. hians (Busk, 1852), L. delicatula (Busk, 1852), M. phoenicea (Busk, 1852) and M. philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872. The hydroid specific nudibranch Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908 was observed on M. philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 and an unidentified sea anemone was observed on the hydrocaulus of M. pennarius. The bathymetric distribution of the aglaopheniids were observed to be between 3–20m, with L. brevirostris and M. pennarius occurring in deeper waters, i.e., 10–20m.
References
Allen, G. & Steene, R. (l994) Indo-Pacific coral reef field guide. In: Tropical reef research. Calendar Print, Singapore, pp. 378.
Allman, G.J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. The Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 20, 1–55, pls. 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11299
Bale W.M. (1913) Further notes on Australian hydroids. II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Vicotria, 26, 114–147.
Bale, W.M. (1884) Catalogue of the Australian hydroid zoophytes. Australian Museum Sydney.
Bale, W.M. (1915) Report on the Hydroida collected in the Great Australian Bight and other localities. Part 3. Biological Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the F.I.S. “Endeavour,” 1909–1914, 3, 241–336, pls. 46–47.
Bale, W. M. (1924) Report on some hydroids from the New Zealand coast, with notes on New Zealand Hydroida generally, supplementing Farquhar’s list. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 55, 225–268.
Bandel, K. and Wedler E. (1987) Hydroid, Amphineuran and Gastropod zonation in the littoral of the Caribbean Sea, Colombia. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 19, 1–129.
Bedot, M. (1921) Notes systématiques sur les plumularides. Ire partie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 28 (15), 311–356.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.84689
Billard, A. (1910) Revision d’une partie de la collection des hydroïdes du British Museum. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 11, 1–67.
Billard, A. (1907) Hydroides de Madagascar et du sud-est de l’Afrique. Archives de zoologieexpérimentale et générale IVe Série, Tome VII, 385–396.
Billard, A. (1905) Hydroïdesrécoltés par M. Seurat aux îles Gambier. Bulletin du Muséum d’Historie Naturelle, Paris, 11 (5), 331–335.
Billard, A. (1908) Sur les Plumulariidae de la collection du Challenger. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences de Paris, 147, 938–941.
Billard, A. (1909) Révision des espèces types d’hydraires de la collection Lamouroux. Annales des Sciences naturelles, neuvièmesérie, Zoologie, 9, 307–336.
Billard, A. (1913) Les hydroïdes de l’expédition du Siboga, I. Plumulariidae. Résultats De l’Exploration Du Siboga, 7, 1–115.
Boero, F. (1984) The ecology of marine hydroids and effects of environmental factors: A review. Pubblicazionidella Stazione Zoologica di Napoli I, Marine Ecology, 5, 93–118.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1984.tb00310.x
Borradaile, L.A. (1905) Hydroids. The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, 2, 836–845.
Bouillon, J., Massin, C. & Kresevic, R. (1995) Hydromedusae de l’’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Documents de Travail de l’Insitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 78, 3–106.
Bouillon, J. (1995) Classe des Hydrozoaires. In: Grasse´, PP, Doumenc, D. (Eds), Traite´ de Zoologie. Tome III. Fascicule 2. Cnidaires, Cte´naires. Masson, Paris, pp. 29–416.
Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Gili, J.M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoirs du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Tome 194, 1–588.
Briggs, E.A. (1918) Descriptions of two new hydroids, and a revision of the hydroid fauna of Lord Howe Island. Records of the Australian Museum, 12 (3), 27–47.
https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.12.1918.878
Busk, G. (1852) An account of the Polyzoa and sertularian zoophytes collected in the voyage of the “rattlesnake” on the coast of Australia and the Louisiade Archipelago. In: MacGillivray, J. (Ed.), Narrative of the voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. etc. during the years 1846–1850. Boone, London, pp. 343–402.
Cairns, S.D., Calder, D.R., Brinckmann-Voss, A., Castro, C.B., Pugh, P.R., Cutress, C.E., Jaap, W.C., Fautin, D.G., Larson, R.J., Harbison, G.R., Arai, M.N. & Opresko, D.M. (1991) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fishery Society Special Publications, 22, 1–75.
Calder, D.R. (1983) Hydroida from estuaries of South Carolina, U.S.A.: Families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96, 7–28.
Calder, D.R. (1986) Class Hydrozoa. In: Sterrer, W. (Ed.), Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda: a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 127–155.
Calder, D.R. (1991) Associations between hydroid species assemblages and substrate types in the mangal at Twin Cays, Belize. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 2067–2074.
https://doi.org/10.1139/z91-288
Calder, D.R. (1993) Local distribution and biogeography of the hydroids (Cnidaria) of Bermuda. Caribbean Journal of Science, 29, 1–74.
Cartwright, P. & Collins, A.G. (2007) Class Hydrozoa. In: Daly, M., Brugler, M.R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A.G., Dawson, M.N., France, S.C., Mc Fadden, C.S., Opresko, D.M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S. & Stake, J. (Eds.), The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa, 1668, pp. 153–168.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.11
Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Cabral, A.C., Martins, C.C., Di Domenico, M., Rocha, R.M. & Haddad, M.A. (2018) Organic contamination as a driver of structural changes of hydroid’s assemblages of the coral reefs near Havana Harbour, Cuba. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 568–577.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.003
Chakraborty, O. & Raghunathan, C. (2018) Hydrozoans. In: Chandra, K. & Raghunathan, C. (Eds.), Faunal Diversity of Biogeographic Zones: Islands of India. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 1–523.
Chakraborty, O., Raghunathan, C. & Chandra, K. (2018) New record of hydrozoa Distichopora violacea (Pallas, 1766) (Anthoathecata: Stylasteridae) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Zootaxa, 4508 (3), 439–442.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4508.3.8
Di Camillo, C.G., Gravili, C., De Vito, D., Pica, D., Piraino, S., Puce, S. & Cerrano, C. (2018) The importance of applying Standardised Integrative Taxonomy when describing marine benthic organisms and collecting ecological data. Invertebrate Systematics, 32 (4), 794–802.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17067
Di Camillo, C.G., Puce, S. & Bavestrello, G. (2009) Macrorhynchia species (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bunaken Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) with a description of two new species, Italian Journal of Zoology, 76 (2), 208–228.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000802182018
Di Camillo, C.G., Puce, S. & Bavestrello, G. (2011) Lytocarpia and Cladocarpus (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Aglaopheniidae) from the Bunaken National Marine Park (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Marine Biodiversity, 41 (4), 517–536.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-011-0081-4
Dixit, S., Raghunathan, C. & Chandra, K. (2017) New records of sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Opisthobranchia) from India. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 7 (3), 47–54.
Fraser, C.M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. The University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1451 pp.
Gravely, F.H. (1927) The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf of Mannar: Echinodermata. Bulletin of Madras Government Museum (Natural History), 1, 163–173.
Gravier-Bonnet, N. & Bourmaud, C.A.-F. (2012) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of Baa Atoll (Indian Ocean, Maldives Archipelago). Atoll Research Bulletin, 590, 85–123.
Gray, J.E. (1843) Additional radiated animals and annelides. In: Dieffenbach, E. (Ed.), Travels in New Zealand: with contributions to the geography, geology, botany, and natural history of that country. Vol. 2. Natural History, London, pp. 292.
Hirohito (1983) The Showa Emperor. Hydroids from IzuÔshima and Niijima. Publications Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household, 6, 1–83.
Hirohito (1995) Part II. Thecata. In: The hydroids of Sagami Bay. Publications of the Biological Laboratory Imperial Household, Tokyo, pp. 1–244.
Irving, R. A. (1995) Near-shore bathymetry and reef biotopes of Henderson Island, Pitcairn Group. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 56, 309–324.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01092.x
Jäderholm, E. (1903) Aussereuropäische Hydroiden im schwedischen Reichsmuseum. Arkiv för Zoologi, 1, 259–312.
Jäderholm, E. (1920) On some exotic hydroids in the Swedish Zoological State Museum. Arkiv för Zoologi, 13 (3), 1–11.
Jäderholm, E. (1916) Hydroiden. In: Results of Dr. E. Mjöbergs Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910–1913. XII. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, New Series, 52 (12), pp. 1–9.
Jäderholm, E. (1919) ZurKenntnis der Hydroidenfauna Japans. Arkiv för Zoologi, 12 (9), 1–34.
Jarvis, F.E. (1922) No. VII.—The Hydroids from the Chagos, Seychelles and other Islands and from the Coasts of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 2, 18 (1), 331–360.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb00553.x
Kalk, M. (1995) Life on the shores. In: Kalk, M. (Ed.), A natural history of Inhaca Island, Mozambique. 3rd Edition. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 29–275.
Kirchenpauer, G.H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroiden familie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbeha¨lter. I. Aglaophenia Lx. Abhandlungenausdem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften, Hamburg, 6, 1–58.
Kirchenpauer, G.H. (1876) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumulariidae, einzelne Gruppen derselhen und ihre Fruchthehilter. II. Plumularia und Nemertesia. Abhandlungenausdem Gebiet der Natunvissenschaften, herausgegeben von demnatunvissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg, 6 (2), 1–59.
Kirkpatrick, R. (1890) Reports on the zoological collections made in Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888–1889. Hydroida and Polyzoa. Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, New Series, 6, 603–626.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des Animaux sans Vertébres. Vol. 2. Verdière, Paris, 568 pp.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1812) Extrait d’un mémoire des polypiers coralligènes non entièrementpierreux. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Philomatique de Paris, 3, 181–188.
Lamouroux, J.V.F. (1816) Histoire des Polypiers coralligènes flexibles, vulgairemantnommés Zoophytes. F. Poisson, Caen, 559 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11172
Leloup, E. (1932a) Une collection d’hydropolypes appartenant à l’Indian Museum de Calcutta. Records of the Indian Museum, 34 (2), 131–170.
Leloup, E. (1932b) Répartition géographique de l’Aglaophenia cupressina Lamouroux. Bulletin du Musée Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8, 1–3.
Linneaus, C. (1758) Systemanaturae per regna trianaturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Edition decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542
Ljubenkov, J.C. (1980) Phylum Cnidaria. In: Straughan, D. & Klink, R.W. (Eds.), A taxonomic listing of common marine invertebrate species from southern California. Technical Report of the Allan Hancock Foundation, 3, pp. 44–68.
Mammen, T.A. (1965a) On a collection of hydroids from South India. II. Suborder Thecata (excluding family Plumulariidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 7, 1–57.
Mammen, T.A. (1965b) On a collection of hydroids from South India. III. Family Plumulariidae, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 7, 291–324.
Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseum, 5, 195–286.
Marsh, L.M. (1993) Cnidaria, other than reef-building corals, of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement, 44, 21–23.
Mergner, H. & Wedler, E. (1977) Ueber die Hydroidpolypenfauna des RotenMeeres und seiner Ausgange. “Meteor” Forschungs-Ergebnisse, (D), 24, 1–32.
Mergner, H. (1987) Hydroids as indicator species of environmental factors on coral reefs. In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P.F.S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 185–195.
Millard, N.A.H. (1968) South African hydroids from Dr. Th. Mortensen’s Java-South Africa expedition, 1929–1930. Vidensk Meddr dansk Naturh Foren, 131, 251–288.
Millard, N.A.H. & Bouillon, J. (1973) Hydroids from the Seychelles: Coelenterata. Annales du MuseÂe Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Se rie in 8Ê, Sciences Zoologiques, 206, 1–106.
Millard, N.A.H. (1958) Hydrozoa from the coast of Natal and Portuguese East Africa. Part I. Calyptoblastea. Annals of the South Africa Museum, 44, 165–226.
Millard, N.A.H. (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of southern Africa. Annals of the South Africa Museum, 68, 1–513.
Millard, N.A.H. (1978) The geographical distribution of southern African hydroids. Annals of the South Africa Museum, 74 (6), 159–200.
Nagale, P. & Apte, D. (2013) Some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Hydroidolina) from the Konkan coast, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5 (13), 4814–4818.
https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3484.4814-8
Nagale, P. & Apte, D. (2014) Intertidal hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Hydroidolina) from the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat, India. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7, e116.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267214001146
Nagale, P., Bhave, V. & Apte, D. (2012) A Review of Hydrozoa from Maharashtra. Proceedings of National Seminar on Biodiversity & Conservation of Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of India, 2012, 84–88.
Naumov D.V. (1969) Hydroids and Hydromedusae of the USSR. Israel Program for scientific translation, Jerusalem, 463 pp., 30 pls.
Nutting, C.C. (1906) Hydroids of the Hawaiian Islands collected by the steamer Albatross in 1902. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1903, 23, 931–959.
Nutting, C.C. (1900) American hydroids. Part 1. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 1, 1–285.
Nutting, C.C. (1927) Report on Hydroida collected by the United States Fisheries steamer Albatross in the Philippine region 1910. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Part 3. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100 (6), 195–242.
Ooishi, S. (1964) Results of Amami Expedition. 3. Invertebrates. Report. Faculty of Fisheries of the Prefectural University of Mie, 5, 189–215.
Pennycuik, P.R. (1959) Faunistic records from Queensland. Part V. Marine and brackish water Hydroids. University of Queensland Papers, 1 (6), 141–210.
Pictet, C. (1893) Etude sur les hydraires de la Baied’Amboine. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 1, 1–64.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.3743
Ralph, P.M. (1961) New Zealand thecate hydroids. Part IV.—The family Plumulariidae. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 1, 19–74.
Rao, D.V. (2010) Guide to reef fishes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In: Records of Zoological Survey of India. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 1–555.
Rees, W.J. & Vervoort, W. (1987) Hydroids from the John Murray Expedition to the Indian Ocean, with revisory notes on Hydrodendron, Abietinella, Cryptolaria and Zygophylax (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, pp. 1–209.
Rees, W.J. & Thursfield, S. (1965) II.—The Hydroid Collections of James Ritchie. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 69 (1–2), 34–220.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080455X00010122
Rho, B.J. & Park, J.L. (1986) A systematic study on the marine hydroids in Korea. 10. The family Plumulariidae. Journal of the Korean Research Institute Better Living, Ewha Womans University, 37, 87–112.
Rho, B.J & Chang, S.R. (1974) On the classification and the distribution of the marine benthic animals in Korea. I. Hydroids. Journal of the Korean Research Institute Better Living, Ewha Womans University, 12, 133–158.
Rho, B.J. (1967) Marine hydroids from the west and south sea of Korea. Korean Culture Research Institute, 10, 341–360.
Rho, B.J. (1977) Porifera, Hydrozoa & Ascidiacea. In: Illustrated Flora and Fauna of Korea, 20, 1–470.
Ritchie, J. (1907) On collections of the Cape Verde Islands marine fauna, made by Cyril Crossland of St Andrews University, July to September 1904. The Hydroids. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1907, 488–514.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1907.tb06944.x
Ritchie, J. (1909) New Species and Varieties of Hydroids Thecata from the Andaman Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 3, 524–528.
Ritchie, J. (1910a) The hydroids of the Indian Museum. I. The deep-sea collection. Records of the Indian Museum, 5 (1), 1–30.
Ritchie, J. (1910b) Hydroids from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, collected by C.W. Andrews, D. Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.S., in 1908. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1910, 826–836.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1910.tb01919.x
Ronowicz, M., Boissin, E., Postaire, B., Bourmaud, C.A.F., Gravier-Bonnet, N. & Schuchert, P. (2017) Modern alongside traditional taxonomy—Integrative systematics of the genera Gymnangium Hincks, 1874 and Taxella Allman, 1874 (Hydrozoa, Aglaopheniidae). PloS one, 12 (4), e0174244.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174244
Russell, F.E. (1984) Marine toxins and venomous and poisonous marine plants and animals (Invertebrates). Advances in Marine Biology, 21, 59–233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60099-1
Ryland, J.S. & Gibbons, M.J. (1991) Intertidal and shallow water hydroids from Fiji. II. Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30, 525–560.
SAC (2010) Coral Reef Atlas of the World, Central Indian Ocean. Space Application Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad, 281 pp.
Schmidt H.E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitzschel B. (Ed.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 283–287.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65468-8_22
Schmidt, H.E. (1972) Some new records of hydroids from the Gulf of Aqaba with zoogeographical remarks on the Red Sea area. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India, 13 (1), 27–51.
Schuchert, P. (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the Danish expedition to the Kei Islands. Steenstrupia, 27 (2), 137–256.
Schuchert, P. (2015) On some hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 122 (2), 325–370.
Schuchert, P. (2020) World Hydrozoa Database. Available from: http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa (accessed 9 May 2020)
doi:10.14284/357
Smaldon, G., Heppell, D. & Watt, K.R. (1976) Type specimens of invertebrates (excluding insects) held at the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Royal Scottish Museum Information Series. Natural History, 4, 1–118.
Southcott, R.V. (1987) Some stigging hydrozoans. In: Covacevich, J., Davie, P. & Pearn, J. (Eds.), Toxic plants & animals. A guide for Australia. Queensland Museum, Brisbane, pp. 79–85.
Stechow E. (1909) Hydroidpolypen der japanische OstkuÈste. I. Teil: Athecata und Plumularidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der KoÈ niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Supplement, 1 (6), 1–111.
Stechow, E. (1913) Hydroidpolypen der Japanischen OstkuÈste. II. Teil: Campanularidae, Halecidae, Lafoeidae, Campanulinidae und Sertularidae, nebst ergaÈnzungen zu den Athecata und Plumularidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der KoÈ niglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Supplement, 3 (2), 1–135.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11621
Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres Amerikas und anderer Gebiete: nebst Angaben uÈber einige Kirchenpauer’sche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilungfür Systematics, 42 (1), 1–172.
Stechow, E. (1923) Die Hydroidenfauna der japanischen Region. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo, 44 (8), 1–23.
Stechow, E. (1925) Hydroiden von West- und Sudwestaustraliennach den Sammulungen von Prof. Dr.Michaelsen und Prof. Dr. Hartmeyer. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilungfür Systematics, 50 (2), 191–270.
Tang, Z. (1991) On a collection of Hydroida from the Nansha Islands, Hainan province, China. Researches on the marine biology of Nansha Islands and neighboring waters collected papers, 1, 25–36.
Thornely, L.R. (1916) Report on the hydroida collected by Mr. James Hornell at Okhamandal in Kattiawar in 1905–6. In: Report to the Government of Baroda on the marine zoology of Okhamandal in Kattiawar. Part II. Williams & Northgate, London, pp. 147–150.
Thornely, L.R. (1904) Report on the Hydroida collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar, 2, 107–126.
Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G.C.H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands, 22 (1), 1–87.
Vasseur P (1974) The overhangs, tunnels and dark reef galleries of Tuléar (Madagascar) and their sessile invertebrate communities. Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium, 2, 143–159.
Venkataraman, K., Raghunathan, C., Raghuraman, R. & Sreeraj, C.R. (2012) Marine Biodiversity. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 164 pp.
Venugopalan, V.P. & Wagh, A.B. (1986) A note on the fouling hydroids from the offshore waters of Bombay. Mahasagar, 19 (4), 275–277.
Vervoort, W. (1993) Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroida: Hydroids from the Western Pacific (Philippines, Indonesia and New Caledonia). I: Sertulariidae (Part 1), in Re´sultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, 11. Bulletin du Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, Zoologie, 158, 89–298.
Vervoort, W. & Vasseur, P. (1977) Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 159 (1), 3–98.
Vervoort, W. (1941) The Hydroida of the Snellius Expedition (Milleporidae and Stylasteridae excluded). Biological results of the Snellius Expedition XI, Temminckia, 6, 186–240.
Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 92, 1–124.
Vervoort, W. (1987) Evaluation of taxonomic characters in the Hydroida, particularly in the Thecata (Leptomedusae). In: Bouillon, J., Boero, F., Cicogna, F. & Cornelius, P.F.S. (Eds.), Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 83–103.
Vervoort, W. & Watson, J.E. (2003) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Leptothecata (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) (Thecate Hydroids). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, New Zealand, 119, 1–538.
Watson, J. E. (2000) Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptothecatae) from the Beagle Gulf and Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. The Beagle: Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 16, 1–82.
Watson, J.E. (2002) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from southern Queensland. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria, 59 (2), 337–354.
https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2002.59.6
Watson, J.E. (1996) Distribution and biogeographic relationships of the Hydroid fauna of the Australian West coast: A preliminary account. In: Piraino, S., Boero, F., Bouillon, J., Cornelius, P.F.S. & Gili, J.M. (Eds.), Advances in hydrozoan biology. Scientia Marina, 1, pp. 75–83.
Yamada, M. (1959) Hydroid fauna of Japanese and its adjacent waters. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 9, 1101.