Abstract
Two new species of Leptarma, L. dispersum n. sp. and L. reunionense n. sp. are described from Europa Island and Réunion Island, respectively. Genetically, based on the mitochondrial COX1 gene, both species are markedly divergent from other congeneric species. Phylogenetically, L. dispersum n. sp. shows close relationship with L. lenzii (De Man, 1895) while L. reunionense n. sp. clusters with L. aurifrons (Li, Ng & Shih, 2019) and the species pair L. moluccense (De Man, 1892) and L. paucitorum (Rahayu & Ng, 2009). Morphologically, the new species differ most significantly from congeners by the relative length of the ambulatory legs and the shapes of the first gonopods and carapace. After the description of these two new species, the number of species comprised in the genus Leptarma is raised to 20, four of them being distributed in and off East Africa.
References
Cannicci, S., Schubart, C.D., Innocenti, G., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Shahdadi, A. & Fratini, S. (2017) A new species of the genus Parasesarma De Man 1895 from East African mangroves and evidence for mitochondrial introgression in sesarmid crabs. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 269, 89–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2017.08.002
Crosnier, A. (1965) Crustacés Décapodes Grapsidae et Ocypodidae. Faune de Madagascar, 18, 1–143, pls. 1–11.
Crosnier, A. (1975) Sur quelques Portunidae, Grapsidae et Ocypodidae (Crustacea Decapoda Brachyura) de Madagascar ou des îles avoisinantes, nouveaux, rares ou non encore signalés. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 3ème Série, N°304, Zoologie, 214, 711–741.
Dana, J.D. (1851) Crustacea Grapsoidea (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce, lexit et descripsit J.D. Dana. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 247–254.
Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
Emmerson, W., Cannicci, S. & Porri, F. (2003) New records for Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from mangroves in Mocambique and South Africa. African Zoology, 38, 351–355.
Emmerson, W.D. (2016) A guide to, and checklist for, the Decapoda of Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique. Vol. 3. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 720 pp.
Fratini, S., Cannicci, S., Porri, F. & Innocenti, G. (2019) Revision of the Parasesarma guttatum species complex reveals a new pseudocryptic species in south-east African mangroves. Invertebrate Systematics, 33, 208–224.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18028
Guindon, S. & Gascuel, O. (2003) A simple, fast and accurate method to estimate large phylogenies by maximum-likelihood. Systematic Biology, 52, 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user–friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & de Waard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 270, 313–322.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Hilgendorf, F. (1869) Crustaceen. In: C.C. van der Decken, Reisen in Ost-Afrika in den Jahren 1859–1865. C.F. Winter‘sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig, Heidelberg, 3, 69–116.
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Koller, P., Liu, H-C. & Schubart, C.D. (2010) A new semiterrestrial species of Parasesarma De Man, 1895, from Taiwan (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae). In: Fransen, C.H.J.M., de Grave, S. & Ng, P.K.L. (Eds.), Studies on Malacostraca: Lipke Bijdeley Holthuis Memorial Volume. Crustaceana Monographs, 14, pp. 357–368.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047427759_024
Leigh, J.W. & Bryant, D. (2015) PopART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1110–1116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410
Li, J.-J., Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2018) Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa, 4482 (3), 451–490.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
Li, J.-J., Shih, H.T. & Ng, P.K.L. (2019) Three new species and two new records of Parasesarma De Man, 1895 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines from morphological and molecular evidence. Zoological Studies, 58, 40.
Man, J.G. de (1902) Die von Herrn Professor Kükenthal im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Dekapoden und Stomatopoden. In: Kükenthal, W. (Ed.), Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, pp. 467–929.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10409
Man, J.G. de (1895–1898) Bericht über die von Herrn Schiffscapitän Storm zu Atjeh, an den westlichen Küsten von Malakka, Borneo und Celebes sowie in der Java-See gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abtheilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 9, 75–218.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16084
Ng, P.K.L. & Devi, S.S. (2020) A new tree-spider crab of the genus Leptarma (Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from mangroves in Kerala, India. Crustaceana. [accepted for publication]
Posada, D. & Buckley, T.R. (2004) Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology, 53, 793–808.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490522304
Poupin, J., Zubia, M., Chabanet, P. & Malay, M. (2012) Illustrated checklist of the Decapoda at Europa Island. WIO Journal of Marine Science, 11, 1–25.
Poupin, J. (2009) Crustacés de la Réunion, Décapodes et Stomatopodes. IRD Editions, Marseille, 140 pp.
Poupin, J. & Bouchard, J.-M. (2010) A new dwarf sentinel crab from Mayotte Island (Decapoda: Brachyura: Macrophthalmidae). Zootaxa, 2501 (1), 61–67.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2501.1.5
Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2009) Two new species of Parasesarma De Man, 1895, from Southeast Asia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Zootaxa, 1980 (1), 29–40.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1980.1.3
Rathbun, M.J. (1914) New species of crabs of the families Grapsidae and Ocypodidae. Scientific Results of the Philippines Cruise of the fisheries Steamer “Albatross” 1907–1910. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 47, 69–85.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.2044.69
Rathbun, M.J. (1924) New species of crabs from Samoa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 37, 127–128.
Schubart, C.D. (2009) Mitochondrial DNA and decapod phylogenies: the importance of pseudogenes and primer optimization. In: Martin, J.W., Crandall, K.A. & Felder, D.L. (Eds.), Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics. Crustacean Issues, 18, 47–65.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420092592-c4
Schubart, C.D. & Huber, M.G.J. (2006) Genetic comparison of German populations of the stone crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium (Crustacea: Astacidae). Bulletin Français de la pêche et de la Pisciculture, 380–381, 1019–1028.
https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2006008
Shahdadi, A., Davie, P.J.F. & Schubart, C.D. (2019b) A new species of Parasesarma (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from northern Australian mangroves and its distinction from morphologically similar species, Zoologischer Anzeiger, 279, 116–125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.005
Shahdadi, A., Fratini, S. & Schubart, C.D. (2020) Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma De Man, 1895 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, zlaa025.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa025
Shahdadi, A., Ng, P.K.L. & Schubart, C.D. (2018) Morphological and phylogenetic evidence for a new species of Parasesarma de Man, 1895 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from the Malay Peninsula, previously referred to as Parasesarma indiarum. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 66, 739–762.
Shahdadi, A., Schubart, C.D. & Ng, P.K.L. (2019a) Record of Parasesarma lenzii (De Man, 1895) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from the Cocos-Keeling Islands, with a redescription and designation of a lectotype. Crustaceana, 92, 739–747.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003901
Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2012) RAxML GUI: a graphical front-end for RAML. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 12, 335–337.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony method. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731–2739.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
Templeton, A.R., Crandall, K.A. & Sing, C.F. (1992) A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. Cladogram estimation. Genetics, 132, 619–633.
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994) Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiples sequence alignments through sequence weighting, position—specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673–4680.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673
Villesen, P. (2007) FaBox: an online toolbox for Fasta sequences. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 965–968.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01821.x
Cannicci, S., Schubart, C.D., Innocenti, G., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Shahdadi, A. & Fratini, S. (2017) A new species of the genus Parasesarma De Man 1895 from East African mangroves and evidence for mitochondrial introgression in sesarmid crabs. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 269, 89–99.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2017.08.002
Crosnier, A. (1965) Crustacés Décapodes Grapsidae et Ocypodidae. Faune de Madagascar, 18, 1–143, pls. 1–11.
Crosnier, A. (1975) Sur quelques Portunidae, Grapsidae et Ocypodidae (Crustacea Decapoda Brachyura) de Madagascar ou des îles avoisinantes, nouveaux, rares ou non encore signalés. Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 3ème Série, N°304, Zoologie, 214, 711–741.
Dana, J.D. (1851) Crustacea Grapsoidea (Cyclometopa, Edwardsii). Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae Duce, lexit et descripsit J.D. Dana. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 5, 247–254.
Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
Emmerson, W., Cannicci, S. & Porri, F. (2003) New records for Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from mangroves in Mocambique and South Africa. African Zoology, 38, 351–355.
Emmerson, W.D. (2016) A guide to, and checklist for, the Decapoda of Namibia, South Africa and Mozambique. Vol. 3. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 720 pp.
Fratini, S., Cannicci, S., Porri, F. & Innocenti, G. (2019) Revision of the Parasesarma guttatum species complex reveals a new pseudocryptic species in south-east African mangroves. Invertebrate Systematics, 33, 208–224.
https://doi.org/10.1071/IS18028
Guindon, S. & Gascuel, O. (2003) A simple, fast and accurate method to estimate large phylogenies by maximum-likelihood. Systematic Biology, 52, 696–704.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user–friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & de Waard, J.R. (2003) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 270, 313–322.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Hilgendorf, F. (1869) Crustaceen. In: C.C. van der Decken, Reisen in Ost-Afrika in den Jahren 1859–1865. C.F. Winter‘sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig, Heidelberg, 3, 69–116.
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Koller, P., Liu, H-C. & Schubart, C.D. (2010) A new semiterrestrial species of Parasesarma De Man, 1895, from Taiwan (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae). In: Fransen, C.H.J.M., de Grave, S. & Ng, P.K.L. (Eds.), Studies on Malacostraca: Lipke Bijdeley Holthuis Memorial Volume. Crustaceana Monographs, 14, pp. 357–368.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047427759_024
Leigh, J.W. & Bryant, D. (2015) PopART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1110–1116.
https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410
Li, J.-J., Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2018) Identity of the tree-spider crab, Parasesarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa, 4482 (3), 451–490.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4482.3.2
Li, J.-J., Shih, H.T. & Ng, P.K.L. (2019) Three new species and two new records of Parasesarma De Man, 1895 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from Taiwan and the Philippines from morphological and molecular evidence. Zoological Studies, 58, 40.
Man, J.G. de (1902) Die von Herrn Professor Kükenthal im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Dekapoden und Stomatopoden. In: Kükenthal, W. (Ed.), Ergebnisse einer Zoologischen Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25, pp. 467–929.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10409
Man, J.G. de (1895–1898) Bericht über die von Herrn Schiffscapitän Storm zu Atjeh, an den westlichen Küsten von Malakka, Borneo und Celebes sowie in der Java-See gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abtheilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 9, 75–218.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16084
Ng, P.K.L. & Devi, S.S. (2020) A new tree-spider crab of the genus Leptarma (Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from mangroves in Kerala, India. Crustaceana. [accepted for publication]
Posada, D. & Buckley, T.R. (2004) Model selection and model averaging in phylogenetics: advantages of Akaike information criterion and Bayesian approaches over likelihood ratio tests. Systematic Biology, 53, 793–808.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490522304
Poupin, J., Zubia, M., Chabanet, P. & Malay, M. (2012) Illustrated checklist of the Decapoda at Europa Island. WIO Journal of Marine Science, 11, 1–25.
Poupin, J. (2009) Crustacés de la Réunion, Décapodes et Stomatopodes. IRD Editions, Marseille, 140 pp.
Poupin, J. & Bouchard, J.-M. (2010) A new dwarf sentinel crab from Mayotte Island (Decapoda: Brachyura: Macrophthalmidae). Zootaxa, 2501 (1), 61–67.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2501.1.5
Rahayu, D.L. & Ng, P.K.L. (2009) Two new species of Parasesarma De Man, 1895, from Southeast Asia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Zootaxa, 1980 (1), 29–40.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1980.1.3
Rathbun, M.J. (1914) New species of crabs of the families Grapsidae and Ocypodidae. Scientific Results of the Philippines Cruise of the fisheries Steamer “Albatross” 1907–1910. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 47, 69–85.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.2044.69
Rathbun, M.J. (1924) New species of crabs from Samoa. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 37, 127–128.
Schubart, C.D. (2009) Mitochondrial DNA and decapod phylogenies: the importance of pseudogenes and primer optimization. In: Martin, J.W., Crandall, K.A. & Felder, D.L. (Eds.), Decapod Crustacean Phylogenetics. Crustacean Issues, 18, 47–65.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420092592-c4
Schubart, C.D. & Huber, M.G.J. (2006) Genetic comparison of German populations of the stone crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium (Crustacea: Astacidae). Bulletin Français de la pêche et de la Pisciculture, 380–381, 1019–1028.
https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:2006008
Shahdadi, A., Davie, P.J.F. & Schubart, C.D. (2019b) A new species of Parasesarma (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) from northern Australian mangroves and its distinction from morphologically similar species, Zoologischer Anzeiger, 279, 116–125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.01.005
Shahdadi, A., Fratini, S. & Schubart, C.D. (2020) Taxonomic reassessment of Parasesarma De Man, 1895 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Decapoda: Sesarmidae) based on genetic and morphological comparisons, with description of a new genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, zlaa025.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa025
Shahdadi, A., Ng, P.K.L. & Schubart, C.D. (2018) Morphological and phylogenetic evidence for a new species of Parasesarma de Man, 1895 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from the Malay Peninsula, previously referred to as Parasesarma indiarum. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 66, 739–762.
Shahdadi, A., Schubart, C.D. & Ng, P.K.L. (2019a) Record of Parasesarma lenzii (De Man, 1895) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from the Cocos-Keeling Islands, with a redescription and designation of a lectotype. Crustaceana, 92, 739–747.
https://doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003901
Silvestro, D. & Michalak, I. (2012) RAxML GUI: a graphical front-end for RAML. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 12, 335–337.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0056-0
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony method. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28, 2731–2739.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121
Templeton, A.R., Crandall, K.A. & Sing, C.F. (1992) A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. Cladogram estimation. Genetics, 132, 619–633.
Thompson, J.D., Higgins, D.G. & Gibson, T.J. (1994) Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiples sequence alignments through sequence weighting, position—specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 4673–4680.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673
Villesen, P. (2007) FaBox: an online toolbox for Fasta sequences. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 965–968.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01821.x