Abstract
Tentative studies of Malaise trap samples from different geographic regions and habitats indicate unanimously that Winnertzia, a genus of mycophagous gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), is exceptionally speciose, but hard data in proof of that were previously unavailable. A taxonomic inventory of mycophagous cecidomyiids in Sweden has now revealed that, of 751 species found in total, 93 are Winnertzia. A preliminary census in 2013 had identified only 26 different Winnertzia in Sweden. Two factors are responsible for this increment: the inclusion of large amounts of fresh material to study and the application of a narrower species concept. The latter results from the reevaluation of male morphological characters in the light of COI sequence (DNA barcoding) data. With the inclusion of 37 new Winnertzia described here, the genus now contains 136 extant species. New Winnertzia discovered in Sweden are described here under the following names: W. acutistylus sp. nov., W. angustistylus sp. nov., W. arctostylus sp. nov., W. bicolor sp. nov., W. brachytarsus sp. nov., W. dentata sp. nov., W. egregia sp. nov., W. ekdalensis sp. nov., W. fraxinophila sp. nov., W. grytsjoenensis sp. nov., W. hamatula sp. nov., W. hemisphaerica sp. nov., W. imbecilla sp. nov., W. incisa sp. nov., W. inornata sp. nov., W. lapponica sp. nov., W. lobata sp. nov., W. longicoxa sp. nov., W. normalis sp. nov., W. oelandica sp. nov., W. ombergensis sp. nov., W. parvidens sp. nov., W. pilosistylus sp. nov., W. pratensis sp. nov., W. pustulatula sp. nov., W. quercinophila sp. nov., W. rickebasta sp. nov., W. ruliki sp. nov., W. serri sp. nov., W. setosa sp. nov., W. silvestris sp. nov., W. smalandensis sp. nov., W. sundini sp. nov., W. tumidoides sp. nov., and W. upplandensis sp. nov. Additionally, W. panguana sp. nov. is the first Winnertzia described from the Neotropical region (Peru), and W. warraensis sp. nov. is the first member of the genus described from the Australasian region (Tasmania). Parwinnertzia Felt, 1920 syn. nov. is revealed to be a junior synonym of Winnertzia Rondani, 1860, implying the recombinations of Winnertzia notmani (Felt) comb. nov. and Winnertzia italiana (Mamaev & Zaitzev) comb. nov. The intrageneric classification of Winnertzia is reviewed and developed further, with the W. setosa group introduced for species whose gonostylar claw is conspicuously long and exposed, and whose gonocoxal emargination is bordered by dense, large setae. Winnertzia feralis Mamaev, revived here from synonymy with W. tridens Panelius, and W. fusca Kieffer are new faunistic records in Sweden. Swedish records published in the past of W. brachypalpa Mamaev and W. pravdini Mamaeva & Mamaev rest on misidentifications, and both species are deleted from the Swedish checklist.
References
Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Adler, P.H., Amorim, D.S., Barber, K., Bickel, D., Boucher, S., Brooks, S.E., Burger, J., Burington, Z.L., Capellari, R.S., Costa, D.N.R., Cumming, J.M., Curler, G., Dick, C.W., Epler, J.H., Fisher, E., Gaimari, S.D., Gelhaus, J., Grimaldi, D.A., Hash, J., Hauser, M., Hippa, H., Ibáñez-Bernal, S., Jaschhof, M., Kameneva, E.P., Kerr, P.H., Korneyev, V., Korytkowski, C.A., Kung, G.-A., Kvifte, G.M., Lonsdale, O., Marshall, S.A., Mathis, W., Michelsen, V., Naglis, S., Norrbom, A.L., Paiero, S., Pape, T., Pereira-Colavite, A., Pollet, M., Rochefort, S., Rung, A., Runyon, J.B., Savage, J., Silva, V.C., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Stireman III, J.O., Swann, J., Thompson, F.C., Vilkamaa, P., Wheeler, T., Whitworth, T., Wong, M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N., Yau, T., Zavortink, T.J. & Zumbado, M.A. (2018) Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site. Communications Biology, 1 (21), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-018-0022-x
Fedotova, Z.A. & Sidorenko, V.S. (2007) New taxa of gall midges from tribes Porricondylini, Bryocryptini, Asynaptini and Winnertziini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Porricondylinae) from the Russian Far East. International Journal of Dipterological Research, 18 (2), 69–103.
Felt, E.P. (1920) New gall midges or Itonididae from the Adirondacks. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 27 (1919), 277–292.
Gagné, R.J. &. Jaschhof, M. (2017) A Catalog of the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) of the World. 4th Edition. Digital Version 3. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80420580/Gagne_2017_World_Cat_4th_ed.pdf (accessed 8 March 2020)
Ham, D., Jaschhof, M. & Bae, Y.J. (2020) Mycophagous gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Korea: newly recorded species with discussion on four years of taxonomic inventory. Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity, 36 (1), 60–77.
https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2020.36.1.055
Jaschhof, M. (2015a) A review of the Aprionus flavidus group, with description of two new species close to Aprionus betulae Jaschhof (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Micromyinae). Studia dipterologica, 21 (2), 221–229. [2014]
Jaschhof, M. (2015b) Morphological re-examination reveals that Campylomyza serrata Jaschhof, 1998 is a complex of five cryptic species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Micromyinae). Contributions to Entomology, 65 (2), 373–381.
Jaschhof, M. (2017) A taxonomic review of Palaearctic Peromyia Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Micromyinae), with descriptions of thirty-eight new species mostly from Sweden. Studia dipterologica, 23 (1), 51–116. [2016]
Jaschhof, M. & Fitzgerald, S.J. (2016) Trichoceromyia oregonensis gen. et spec. nov., a third Catotrichinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from the Nearctic Region. Studia dipterologica, 22 (1) (2015), 59–66.
Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2009) The wood midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Studia dipterologica Supplement, 18, 1–333.
Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2013) The Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Sweden, with notes on extralimital species. Studia dipterologica Supplement, 20, 1–392.
Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2017) Mycophagous gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae: Lestremiinae, Micromyinae, Winnertziinae, Porricondylinae): first records in Sweden and descriptions of closely related new species from elsewhere. Zootaxa, 4226 (4), 546–570.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.6
Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2019) New and rarely found species of asynaptine Porricondylinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Northern Europe. Zootaxa, 4604 (2), 281–300.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.2.3
Jaschhof, M. & Jaschhof, C. (2020) The Porricondylini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Porricondylinae) of Sweden revisited: descriptions of nineteen new species of ten genera, including a new genus. Zootaxa, 4728 (2), 151–182.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4728.2.1
Köhler, A. (2019) The genus Pseudolycoriella Menzel & Mohrig, 1998 (Diptera, Sciaridae) in New Zealand. Zootaxa, 4707 (1), 1-69.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4707.1.1
Krivosheina, M.G. (2006) Taxonomic composition of dendrobiontic Diptera and the main trends of their adaptive radiation. Entomological Review, 86 (5), 557–567.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873806050071
Mamaev, B.M. (1963) Gall midges of the USSR. Part 3. New species of the genus Winnertzia Rondani, developing in the soil, in fungal mycelium and under decaying bark of coniferous trees (Itonididae, Diptera). Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 42, 562–573.
Mamaev, B.M. (1968) Evolution of gall forming insects: gall midges. Akademia Nauk USSR, Leningrad, 235 pp. [in Russian]
Mamaev, B.M. (1975) Some regularities of infestation of Betula costata and Betula manshurica by xylophagous insects. Trudy Biologo-pochvennogo Instituta, Novaya, Seriya, 28, 81–88. [in Russian]
Mamaev, B.M. (2001) New species of gall midges of the genus Winnertzia Rond. in arid regions (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Pushkino, 18, 1–7. [in Russian]
Mamaev, B.M. (2002a) New species of gall midges of the genus Winnertzia Rond. developing in fruiting bodies of wood fungi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Pushkino, 20, 1–12. [in Russian]
Mamaev, B.M. (2002b) New species of gall midges of the genus Winnertzia Rond. and retaining of the species W. xylostei Mam., W. argentata Mam. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Pushkino, 21, 1–13. [in Russian]
Mamaev, B.M. (2002c) The main group of new species of gall midges of the genus Winnertzia Rond. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). All-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry, Pushkino, 23, 1–13. [in Russian]
Mamaev, B.M. & Krivosheina, N.P. (1965) The larvae of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Akademia Nauk USSR, Moscow, 277 pp.
Mamaeva, K.P. & Mamaev, B.M. (1971) A new species of gall midge of the genus Winnertzia Rond. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), developing in corms of Colchicum speciosum Stev. Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly, Biologicheskie Nauki, 1971 (9), 9–11. [in Russian]
Panelius, S. (1965) A revision of the European gall midges of the subfamily Porricondylinae (Diptera: Itonididae). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 113, 1–157.
Ronquist, F. (2010) Chapter 18. 250 years of Swedish taxonomy. In: Polaszek, A. (Ed.), Systema Naturae 250―The Linnean Ark. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 241–250.
https://doi.org/10.1201/EBK1420095012-c18
Spungis, V. (1992) A revision of the European gall midges of the tribe Winnertziini. Latvijas Entomologs Supplementum, 5, 1–38.
Wheeler, Q.D. (2004) Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 571–583.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1452
Winnertz, J. (1853) Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Gallmücken. Linnaea Entomologica, 8, 154–322, 4 pls.