Abstract
A new bitterling from the Rhodeus amarus group is described based on morphological and molecular data. Rhodeus caspius sp. nov. from the Caspian Sea, Urmia Lake and the upper Tigris River drainages in Iran, is distinguished from its closest congeners (R. amarus and R. colchicus) by having short post-dorsal distance and caudal peduncle length and long head length. It is also characterized by one fixed diagnostic nucleotide substitutions and a K2P nearest neighbor distance of 1% to R. amarus and R. colchicus in the mtDNA COI barcode region.
References
Arai, R. & Kato, K. (2003) Gross morphology and evolution of the cephalic lateral line system and infraorbital bone in bitterlings (Cyprinidae, Acheilognathinae), with an overview of the cephalic lateral line system in the family Cyprinidae. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, 40, 1–42.
Arai, R., Fujikawa, H. & Nagata, Y. (2007) Four new subspecies of Acheilognathus bitterlings (Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo, 1, 1–28.
Arai, R., Jeon, S. R. & Ueda, T. 2001 Rhodeus pseudosericeus sp. nov., a new bitterling from South Korea (Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae). Ichthyological Research, 48, 275-282.
Arai, R., Suzuki, N. & Shen, S. C. 1990 Rhodeus haradai, a new bitterling from Hainan Island, China, with notes on the synonymy of Rhodeus spinalis (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A (Zoology), 16, 141-154.
Bănărescu, P.M. (1999) The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol. 5. Cyprinidae 2. Part I: Rhodeus to Capoeta. AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim, 427 pp.
Behrens-Chapuis, S., Herder, F., Esmaeili, H.R., Freyhof, J., Hamidan, N.A., Özuluð, M., Šanda, R. & Geiger, M.F. (2015) Adding nuclear rhodopsin data where mitochondrial COI indicates discrepancies—can this marker help to explain conflicts in cyprinids? DNA Barcodes, 3, 187–199.
https://doi.org/10.1515/dna-2015-0020
Bogutskaya, N. G. & Komlev, A. M. (2001) Some new data to morphology of Rhodeus sericeus (Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) and a description of a new species, Rhodeus colchicus, from West Transcaucasia. New Contributions to Freshwater Fish Research. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg. 287, 81-97.
Bohlen, J., Slechtova, V., Bogutskaya, N. & Freyhof, J. (2006) Across Siberia and over Europe: phylogenetic relationships of the freshwater fish genus Rhodeus in Europe and the phylogenetic position of R. sericeus from the River Amur. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 856–865.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.020
Bruford, M.W., Hanotte, O., Brokfield, J.F.Y. & Burke, T. (1992) Single-locus and multilocus DNA fingerprinting. In: Hoelzel, A.R. (Ed.), Molecular genetic analysis of populations: a practical approach. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 225–269.
Chang, C.H., Li, F., Shao, K.T., Lin, Y.S., Morosawa, T., Kim, S., Koo, H., Kim, W., Lee, J.S., He, S., Smith, C., Reichard, M., Miya, M., Sado, T., Uehara, K., Lavoue, S., Chen, W.J. & Mayden, R.L. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of Acheilognathidae (Cypriniformes: Cyprinoidea) as revealed from evidence of both nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequence variation: evidence for necessary taxonomic revision in the family and the identification of cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 81, 182–194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.026
Coad, B.W. (2018) Review of the bitterlings of Iran (Family Acheilognathidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 5, 257–267.
Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
Esmaeili, H.R., Sayyadzadeh, G., Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. (2018) Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa, 3, 1–95.
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fong, J.D. (2019) Species by Family/Subfamily. Available from http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp. (accessed 28 October 2019)
Geiger, M.F., Herder, F., Monaghan, M.T., Almada, V., Barbieri, R., Bariche, M., Berrebi, P., Bohlen, J., Casal-Lopez, M., Delmastro, G.B., Denys, G.P.J., Dettai, A, Doadrio, I., Kalogianni, E., Kärst, H., Kottelat, M., Kovačić, M., Laporte, M., Lorenzoni, M., Marčić, Z., Özuluð, M., Perdices, A, Perea, S., Persat, H., Porcelotti, S., Puzzi, C., Robalo, J., Šanda, R., Schneider, M., Šlechtová, V., Stoumboudi, M., Walter, S. & Freyhof, J. (2014) Spatial heterogeneity in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot affects barcoding accuracy of its freshwater fishes. Molecular Ecology Resources, 14, 1210–1221.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12257
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
Holcik, J. & Duyvene de Wit, J.J. (1964) Systematic status of the bitterlings from Asia Minor and notes on the geographical variability of Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas, 1776) in the area of its distribution. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Leipzig, 169, 396–412.
Holcik, J. & Jedlicka, L. (1994) Geographical variation of some taxonomically important characters in fishes: the case of the bitterling Rhodeus sericeus. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 41, 147–170.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197842
Huelsenbeck, J.P. & Ronquist, F. (2001) MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics, 17, 754–755.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754
Huemer, P., Hebert, P.D.N., Mutanen, M., Wieser, C., Wiesmair, B., Hausmann, A., Yakovlev, R., Möst, M., Gottsberger, B., Strutzenberger, P. & Fiedler, K. (2018) Large geographic distance versus small DNA barcode divergence: Insights from a comparison of European to South Siberian Lepidoptera. Plos One, 13, e0206668.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206668
Jalili, P., Eagderi, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. (2015) Descriptive osteology of the endemic spined loach Cobitis linea from Iran. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation and Legislation, International Journal of the Bioflux Society, AACL Bioflux, 8, 526–534.
Kapli, P., Lutteropp, S., Zhang, J., Kobert, K., Pavlidis, P., Stamatakis, A. & Flouri, T. (2017) Multi-rate Poisson Tree Processes for single-locus species delimitation under Maximum Likelihood and Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Bioinformatics, 33, 1630–1638.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx025
Karaman, S. (1924) Pisces Macedoniae. Split, Hrvatska Stampaija, 89 pp.
Kawamura, K., Ueda, T., Arai, R. & Smith, C. (2014) Phylogenetic relationships of bitterling fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Acheilognathinae), inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Zoological Science, 31, 321–329.
https://doi.org/10.2108/zs130233
Kitamura, J., Nagata, N., Nakajima, J. & Sota, T. (2012) Divergence of ovipositor length and egg shape in a brood parasitic bitterling fish through the use of different mussel hosts. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 25, 566–573.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02453.x
Kottelat, M. (1997) European freshwater fishes. A heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52, 1–271.
Kottelat, M. (1998) Fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins, Laos, with diagnoses of twenty-two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Coiidae and Odontobutidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 9, 1–128.
Kottelat, M. & Freyhof, J. (2007) Handbook of European Freshwater Fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, 646 pp.
Li, F. & Arai, R. (2014) Rhodeus albomarginatus, a new bitterling (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from China. Zootaxa, 3790 (1), 165–176.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3790.1.7
Li, F. & Arai, R. 2011 Rhodeus shitaiensis, a new bitterling from China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 21, 303-312.
Li, F., Liao, T. Y., Arai, R. & Zhao, L. (2017) Sinorhodeus microlepis, a new genus and species of bitterling from China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae). Zootaxa, 4353, 69–88.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4353.1.4
Mirhashemi Nasab, S.F., Omidvar, S.,Nosrati, M., Daghigh Roohi, J., Faeed, M., Ghasemi, M. & Ramezani Aghele, B. (2017) Prevalence of Diplostomum parasite in some fish of the Anzali Wetland. The Fifth Iranian Conference of Ichthyology, Islamic Azad University of Babol, 13–14 December 2017, abstract.
Naseka, A.M. & Bogutskaya, N.G. (2009) Fishes of the Caspian Sea: zoogeography and updated check-list. Zoosystematica Rossica, 18, 295–317.
Norouzi, E.M., Patimar, R., Abbasi, K., Golzariyanpour, K. & Bahalkeh, A. (2014) Comparative investigation of some growth characteristics of the bitterling (Rhodeus amarus Bloch, 1782) in aquatic ecosystems of Anzali lagoon and Siyahrood River. Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research, 2, 11–22.
Norouzi, M. & Abbasi, K. (2015) Study of some biological parameters and reproduction of bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) in Sefidrood River, Guilan Province. Journal of Aquatic Ecology, Hormozgan University, 5, 88–94.
Patimar, R., Seifi, T., Farahi, A. & Ezzati, M. (2010) Life history pattern of the bitterling Rhodeus amarus (Bloch, 1782) in Siahroud River (southern Caspian Sea-Iran). Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 10, 87–95.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10104-009-000044-6
Posada, D. & Crandall, K.A. (1998) MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817–818.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics, 22, 2688–2690.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
Stout, C.C., Tan, M., Lemmon, A.R., Lemmon, E.M. & Armbruster, J.W. (2016) Resolving Cypriniformes relationships using an anchored enrichment approach. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16, 244.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0819-5
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 2725–2729.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Tan, M. & Armbruster, J.W. (2018) Phylogenetic classification of extant genera of fishes of the order Cypriniformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Zootaxa, 4476 (1), 6–39.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.4
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. (1985) Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium, 9, 107–119.
Van Damme, D., Bogutskaya, N., Hoffman, R.C. & Smith, C. (2007) The introduction of the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) to west and central Europe. Fish and Fisheries, 8, 79–106.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2679.2007.00239.x
Van der Laan, R. & Fricke, R. (2020) Eschmeyer’s Catalog Of Fishes: Family-Group Names. Electronic Version. Available from: http://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-family-group-names/ (accessed 13 August 2020)
Ward, R.D., Zemlak, T.S., Innes, H.B., Last, R.P. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2005) DNA barcoding Australia’s fish species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 360, 1847–1857.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1716
Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P. & Stamatakis, A. (2013) A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics, 29, 2869–2876.