Abstract
A faunal and molecular taxonomic study of Iranian bark and ambrosia beetle species based on field collections, museum specimens and literature data was carried out from in the period 2011−2016. A total of 29 genera and 84 species were found for Iran. A morphological key for species identification is provided. Molecular identification based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) barcoding region gene was also performed for the collected specimens to confirm morphological identification, and an exclusive DNA barcode was provided and registered for the samples collected in this study. Host plants and distribution of each species in the Palearctic region and in Iran are reported in the key.
References
Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. (1999) A World Catalogue of Families and Genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, Barcelona, 315 pp.
Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. & Lyal, C.H.C. (2009) A catalogue of family and genus group names in Scolytinae and Platypodinae with nomenclatural remarks (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa, 2258, 1–134.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2258.1.1
Amini, S., Hosseini, R. & Sohani, M. (2013) A faunal study of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Guilan province in north of Iran. Entomofauna, 12, 169–176.
Amini, S. & Hosseini, R. (2015) A multiplex polymerase chain reaction based method for rapid identification of two species of the genus Scolytus Geoffroy (Col: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Iran. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research, 48, 51−81.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2016.5181
Amini, S., Nozari, J., Knížek, M., Mandelshtam, M., Etemad, V. & Faccoli, M. (2017) New records of Iranian bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and their host plants. Zootaxa, 4350 (2), 396–400.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4350.2.13
Balachowsky, A. (1949) Coléoptère, Scolytides. Faune de France. Lechevalier, Paris, 343 pp.
Beaver, R.A., Ghahari, H. & Sanguansub, S. (2016) An annotated checklist of Platypodinae and Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Iran. Zootaxa, 4098 (3), 401–441.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4098.3.1
Bright, D.E. & Skidmore, R.E. (2002) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Supplement 2 (1995–1999). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, 523 pp.
Bright, D. (2014) A Catalog of Scolytidae and Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Supplement 3 (2000–2010), with notes on subfamily and tribal reclassifications. Insecta Mundi, 365, 1–336.
Borumand, H. (1998) Insects of Iran: the list of coleoptera in the insect collection of Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute: Coleoptera (XXIV), Curculionoidea, (Anthribidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae, Apionidae, Curculionidae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae. Plants Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, 110 pp.
Cognato, A. I. (2006). Standard percent DNA sequence difference for insects does not predict species boundaries. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99 (4), 1037–1045.
https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-99.4.1037
Cognato, A.I. (2018) Callibora Cognato (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolyitnae: Xyleborini), a new genus of xyleborine ambrosia beetle from Ecuador. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 72, 801–804.
https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-72.4.801
Cognato, A.I., Smith, S.M. & Beaver, R.A. (2020a). Two new genera of Oriental xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 4722 (6), 540–554.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4722.6.2
Cognato, A.I., Sari, G., Smith, S.M., Beaver, R.A., Li, Y., Hulcr, J., Jordal, B.H., Kajimura, H., Lin, C-S., Pham, T.H., Singh, S. & Sittichaya, W. (2020b) The essential role of taxonomic expertise in the creation of DNA databases for the identification and delimitation of Southeast Asian ambrosia beetles species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, 27.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00027
Folmer, O., Black, M. Hoeh, W. Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 1994, 294–9.
Furniss, RL, Carolin VM (1977) Western forest insects. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest, Service Miscellaneous Publication, 1339, 1–654.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.131875
Gillett, C.P.D.T., Crampton-Platt, A., Timmermans, M.J.T.N., Jordal, B.H., Emerson, B.C. & Vogler, A.P. (2014) Bulk de novo mitogenome assembly from pooled total DNA elucidates the phylogeny of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 31, 2223–2237.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu154
Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L. & deWard J.R. (2002) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 270, 313–321.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
Hosseini, R. (2010) An introduction to the principle of molecular biology techniques (With emphasizing on the study of insects). University of Guilan Press, Rasht, Guilan, 232 pp. [in Persian]
Jordal, B.H. & Kambestad, M. (2014) DNA barcoding of bark and ambrosia beetles reveals excessive NUMTs and consistent east-west divergence across Palearctic forests. Molecular Ecology Resources, 14, 7–17.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12150
Jordal, B., Sequeira A.S. & Cognato A.I., (2011) The age and phylogeny of wood boring weevils and the origin of subsociality. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59, 708–724.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.016
Johnson, A., Hulcr, J., Knizek, M., Atkinson, T., Mandelshtam, M., Smith, S., Cognato, A., Park, S., Li, Y. & Jordal, B. (2020) Revision of the bark beetle genera within the Former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Insect Systematics and Diversity, 4 (3). [published online]
https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002
Kambestad, M., Kirkendall, L.R., Knutsen, I.L. & Jordal, B.H. (2017) Cryptic and pseudo-cryptic diversity in the world’s most common bark beetle—Hypothenemus eruditus. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 17, 633–652.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-017-0334-6
Kuschel, G. (1995) A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. The Entomological Society of Washington, 14, 5–33.
Knížek, M. (2011) Curculionidae: Scolytinae. In: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 7. Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 86–87, 204–251.
Lawrence, J.F. & Newton, A.F. (1995) Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, note, references and data on family grouped names). In: Pakaluk, J., Ślipiński, S.A., Crowson, R.A., Biology, Phylogeny and classification of Coleoptera. Paper celebrating the 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson, Muzeumi Instytut Zoologii PAN, 1995, pp. 778−1006.
Magnacca, K.N, Brown, M.J.F (2012) DNA barcoding a regional fauna: Irish solitary bees. Molecular Ecology Resources, 12, 990–998.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12001
Mandelshtam, M.Y., Petrov, A.V. & Korotyaev, B.A. (2012) To the knowledge of the herbivorous scolytid genus Thamnurgus Eichhoff (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Entomological Review, 92, 329–349.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873812030098
Mandelshtam, M.Y., Petrov, A.V., Smith, S.M. & Cognato, A.I. (2019) Resurrection of Heteroborips Reitter, 1913 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from synonymy with Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 73, 387−394.
https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-73.2.387
Marvaldi, A.E., Sequeira, A.S., O’Brien, C.W. & Farrell, B.D. (2002) Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology, 51, 761–785.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150290102465
McKenna, D.D., Sequeira, A.S., Marvaldi, A.E. & Farrell, B.D. (2009) Temporal lags and overlap in the diversification of weevils and flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 106, 7083–7088.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810618106
Modarres Awal, M. (1997) Platypodidae, Scolytidae. In: Modarres Awal, M. (Eds.), List of agricultural pests and their natural enemies in Iran. Ferdowsi University Press, Mashhad: pp. 192–194.
Nejad Ghaderi, S.S., Nozari, J. Asadi, M. & Naveh, V.H. (2014) Genetic diversity study of Pistachio twig borer (Chaetoptelius vestitus) populations in Kerman province. 21st Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Urmia-Iran, September 2014, 42−43
Oberprieler, R.G., Marvaldi, A.E. & Anderson, R.S. (2007) Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere. Zootaxa, 1668 (1), 491−520.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.24
Omid, R., Azizkhani, E. Yarmand, H. Neinavai, F. & Lindelöw, Å. (2011) Report of two bark beetles species of the family Scolytidae in imported wood from Russia. Iranian Journal of Forest and Range Protection Research, 9, 80–81.
Park, S., Smith, S.M., Cognato, A.I. & Beaver, R.A. (2020) Catalogue of Korean Xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with seven new species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 13, 210–228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2020.01.002
Patwary, M.U., Kenchington, E.L. Bird, C.J. & Zouros, E. (1994) The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers in genetic studies of the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791). Journal of Shellfish Research, 13, 547–53.
Petrov, A.V. (2011) New data on bark beetles of the genus Hylesinus Fabricius, 1801 from Russia and adjacent countries. Lesnoj Vestnik, 80, 21–24. [in Russian]
Petrov, A.V. (2013) New data and new synonymy of Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762 bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from Russia and adjacent countries. Lesnoj Vestnik, 6 98, 39–47. [in Russian, with English summary, pp. 190]
https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.56.519
Petrov, A.V. (2014) A new genus and two new species of Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Peru. Lesnoy Vestnik, 18, 149–154. [in Russian]
Petrov, A.V. & Perkovsky, E.E. (2018) A New Genus and Species of Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Rovno Amber. Paleontological Journal, 52, 164–167.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030118020090
Pfeffer, A. (1995) Zentral und west-paläarktische Borken und Kernkäfer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae: Platypodidae). Pro Entomologia, Basel, 310 pp.
Rabaglia, R., Smith, S., Rugman-Jones, P., DiGirolomo, M., Ewing, C. & Eskalen, A. (2020) Establishment of a non-native xyleborine ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus monographus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), new to North America in California. Zootaxa, 4786 (2), 269–276.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4786.2.8
Raffa, K.F. Gregoire, J.C. & Lindgren, B.S. (2015) Natural history and ecology of bark beetles. In: Bark Beetles: biology and ecology of native and invasive species. Elsevier Academic Press, London, pp. 1–40.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417156-5.00014-9
Raupach, M.J., Astrin, J.J., Hannig, K., Peters, M.K., Stoeckle, M.Y. & Wägele, J.W. (2010) Molecular species identification of Central European ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) using nuclear rDNA expansion segments and DNA barcodes. Frontiers in zoology, 7 (1), 26.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-7-26
Sagheb-Talebi, K., Sajedi, T., Pourhashemi, M. (2014) Forests of Iran: A treasure from the past, a hope for the future. In: Werger, M.J.A. (Ed.), Plant and Vegetation. Vol. 10. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht, pp. i–iii + 1–152.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7371-4
Samin, N., Sakenin, H. & Rastegar, J. (2011) A study of the species composition of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) of north and northwestern Iran. Amurian Zoological Journal, 3, 265–267.
Selmi, E. (1987) The Hylesininae of Turkey. Istanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 37, 67–88.
Shin, S., Clarke, D.J., Lemmon, A.R., Moriarity Lemmon, E., Aitken, A.L., Haddad, S., Marvaldi, A.E., Oberprieler, R.G. & McKenna, D.D. (2017) Phylogenetic data yield new and robust insights into the phylogeny and evolution of weevils. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 823–836.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx324
Sittichaya, W. & Smith, S.M. (2020) Eggersanthus Sittichaya and Smith gen. nov., a new Oriental ambrosia beetle genus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Zootaxa, 4779 (2), 282–288.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4779.2.9
Simon, C., Buckley, T.R. Frati, F. Stewart, J.B. & Beckenbach, A.T. (2006) Incorporating molecular evolution into phylogenetic analysis, and a new compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers for animal mitochondrial DNA. Annual Review Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 37, 545–79.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110018
Simon, C., Frati, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H. & Flook, P. (1994) Evolution, weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation conserved polymerase chain reaction primers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 87, 651–701.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/87.6.651
Smith, S.M. (2017) Dinoxyleborus Smith, a new genus of Neotropical xyleborine ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Zootaxa, 4303, 131–139.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4303.1.8
Stokland, J.N. (2012) The saproxylic food web. In: Stokland, J.N., Sitonen, J. & Jonsson, B.G. (Eds.), Biodiversity in Dead Wood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 29–57.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025843.004
Wood, S. L. (1986). A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great basin naturalist memoirs, 10, 1–126.