Abstract
A new species of the genus Larsia Fittkau, 1962 is described based on the adult males. It is the first species of this genus reported from India and second member from the Oriental region. The DNA barcode of this new species is provided. The cladistic analysis of the known species of Larsia using morphological data of both immature and male adult stages have supported monophyly of the genus. A world key to the known males of the genus Larsia is presented here.
References
Ashe, P. & O’Connor, J.P. (2009) A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 445 pp.
Beck, W.M. & Beck, E.C. (1966) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida: 1. Pentaneurini (Tanypodinae). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 10, 305–379.
Bilyj, B. (1984) Descriptions of two new species of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Southern Indian Lake, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 659–671.
https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-077
Edwards, F.W. (1931) Chironomidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 2, 233–331.
Fittkau, E.J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini and Pentanerurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1–453.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299.
Freeman, P. (1954) Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western Cape Province–IV. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society (B), 23, 172–180.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1954.tb00445.x
Freeman, P. (1955) Diptera (Nematocera): Chironomidae. South African Animal life, 2, 361–381.
Freeman, P. (1956) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 4, 287–368.
Goetghebuer, M. (1935) Chironomides du Congo Belge. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27, 351–366.
Goethebuer, M. (1942) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d’Europe (11e note). Bulletin du Musee Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 18 (46), 1–16.
Goloboff, P. & Catalano, S. (2016) TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics, 32, 221–238.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Goloboff, P.A., Carpenter, J.M, Arias, J.S & Esquivel, D.R.M. (2008) Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets. Cladistics, 24, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00209.x
Harrison, A.D. (1978) New genera and species of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Africa south of the Sahara. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 41, 63–80.
Hazra, N. & Chaudhuri, P.K. (2010) A new species of Trissopelopia Kieffer, 1923 (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae, Pentaneurini) from India. Graellsia, 66 (1), 39–45.
https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2010.v66.009
Johannsen, O.A. (1932) Tanypodinae from the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Archives of Hydrobiology, Supplement, 9, 493–507.
Johannsen, O.A. (1946) Revision of the North American species of the genus Pentaneura. Journal for the New York Entomological Society, 54, 267–289.
Kieffer, J.J (1911) Diptera, Chironomidae der Seychellen-Inseln, aus der Sammlung von Mr H. Scott. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (2nd Series Zoology), 14, 331–366.
Kieffer, J.J. (1918) Beschreibung neuer, auf Lazarettschiffen des östlichen Kriegsschauplatzes und bei Ignalino in Litauen von Dr. W. Horn gesammelter Chironomiden, mit Uebersichtstabellen einiger Gruppen von paläarktischen Arten (Dipt.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 7, 177–188.
Langton, P.H. (1991) A key to the pupal exuviae of West Palaearctic Chironomidae. Private publication, Huntington, Cambridgeshire, 386 pp.
Lehmann, J. (1979) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Flieβgewässern Zentralafrikas (Systematik, Ökologie, Verbreitung und Produktionsbiologie). Teil I. Kivu–Gebiet, Ostzaire. Spixiana Supplement, 3, 1–144.
Lehmann, J. (1981) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Flieβgewässern Zentralafrikas.Teil II. Die region um Kisangani, Zentralzaire. Spixiana Supplement, 5, 1–85.
Maddison, W.P. (1993) Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology, 42, 576–581.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.4.576
Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2017) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.2. Available from: http://mesquiteproject.org (accessed 31 August 2020)
Malloch, J.R. (1915) The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State laboratory of Natural History, 10, 273–543.
https://doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v10.376
Murray, D.A. & Fittkau, E.J. (1985) The adult males of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region—Keys and diagnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 37–123.
Niitsuma, H. (2001) A new species of the newly recorded genus Larsia (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) from Japan. Species Diversity, 6, 355–362.
https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.6.355
Niitsuma, H. (2013) Revision of the Japanese Ablabesmyia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa, 3664 (4), 479–504.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3664.4.4
Oliveira, C.S.N. & Silva, F.L. (2011) Two new species of Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Neotropical Region, with a checklist of Larsia species of the world. Zootaxa, 2786 (1), 27–41.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2786.1.2
Sæther, O.A. (1980) Glossary of Chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 14, 1–51.
Santos, D., Ribeiro, G.C., Cabral, A.D. & Márcia, A.S. (2016) A non–destructive enzymatic method to extract DNA from arthropod specimens: Implications for morphological and molecular studies. PloS one, 13 (2), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192200
Serpa-Filho, A. (2005) Sobre uma nova espécie neotrópica do gênero Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Etomologia-y-Vectores, 12, 293–302.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0328-03812005000200013
Silva, F.L. & Ekrem, T. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships of non-biting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) inferred from morphology. Systematic Entomology, 41, 73–92.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12141
Siri, A., Campos, R.E. & Donato, M. (2014) A new species of Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from phytotelmata of Aechmea distichantha Lemaire, 1853 (Bromeliaceae) in Argentina. Aquatic Insects, 36 (2), 125–134.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2015.1045521
Song, C., Lin, X., Wang, Q. & Wang, X. (2018) DNA barcodes successfully delimit morphospecies in a superdiverse insect genus. Zoologica Scripta, 47 (3), 311–324.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12284
Sublette, J.E. (1964) Chironomidae midges of California. II. Tanypodinae, Podonominae, and Diamesinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 115, 85–136.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.115-3481.85
Sublette, J.E. & Sasa, M. (1994) Chironomidae collected in onchocerciasis endemic areas of Guatemala (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana Supplement, 20, 1–60.
Tokunaga, M. (1937) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), IX. Tanypodinae and Diamesinae. Philippine Journal of Science, 62, 21–65.
Wirth, W.W. & Marston, N. (1968) A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada Balsam. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 783–784.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/61.3.783
Ashe, P. & O’Connor, J.P. (2009) A World Catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 1. Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyiinae, Podonominae, Aphroteniinae, Tanypodinae, Usambaromyiinae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae and Telmatogetoninae. Irish Biogeographical Society and National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 445 pp.
Beck, W.M. & Beck, E.C. (1966) Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida: 1. Pentaneurini (Tanypodinae). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences, 10, 305–379.
Bilyj, B. (1984) Descriptions of two new species of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Southern Indian Lake, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 659–671.
https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-077
Edwards, F.W. (1931) Chironomidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 2, 233–331.
Fittkau, E.J. (1962) Die Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Die Tribus Anatopyniini, Macropelopiini and Pentanerurini. Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 6, 1–453.
Folmer, O., Black, M., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3 (5), 294–299.
Freeman, P. (1954) Chironomidae (Diptera) from Western Cape Province–IV. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society (B), 23, 172–180.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1954.tb00445.x
Freeman, P. (1955) Diptera (Nematocera): Chironomidae. South African Animal life, 2, 361–381.
Freeman, P. (1956) A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 4, 287–368.
Goetghebuer, M. (1935) Chironomides du Congo Belge. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 27, 351–366.
Goethebuer, M. (1942) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d’Europe (11e note). Bulletin du Musee Royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 18 (46), 1–16.
Goloboff, P. & Catalano, S. (2016) TNT version 1.5, including a full implementation of phylogenetic morphometrics. Cladistics, 32, 221–238.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160
Goloboff, P.A., Carpenter, J.M, Arias, J.S & Esquivel, D.R.M. (2008) Weighting against homoplasy improves phylogenetic analysis of morphological data sets. Cladistics, 24, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00209.x
Harrison, A.D. (1978) New genera and species of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Africa south of the Sahara. Journal of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 41, 63–80.
Hazra, N. & Chaudhuri, P.K. (2010) A new species of Trissopelopia Kieffer, 1923 (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae, Pentaneurini) from India. Graellsia, 66 (1), 39–45.
https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2010.v66.009
Johannsen, O.A. (1932) Tanypodinae from the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Archives of Hydrobiology, Supplement, 9, 493–507.
Johannsen, O.A. (1946) Revision of the North American species of the genus Pentaneura. Journal for the New York Entomological Society, 54, 267–289.
Kieffer, J.J (1911) Diptera, Chironomidae der Seychellen-Inseln, aus der Sammlung von Mr H. Scott. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (2nd Series Zoology), 14, 331–366.
Kieffer, J.J. (1918) Beschreibung neuer, auf Lazarettschiffen des östlichen Kriegsschauplatzes und bei Ignalino in Litauen von Dr. W. Horn gesammelter Chironomiden, mit Uebersichtstabellen einiger Gruppen von paläarktischen Arten (Dipt.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 7, 177–188.
Langton, P.H. (1991) A key to the pupal exuviae of West Palaearctic Chironomidae. Private publication, Huntington, Cambridgeshire, 386 pp.
Lehmann, J. (1979) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Flieβgewässern Zentralafrikas (Systematik, Ökologie, Verbreitung und Produktionsbiologie). Teil I. Kivu–Gebiet, Ostzaire. Spixiana Supplement, 3, 1–144.
Lehmann, J. (1981) Chironomidae (Diptera) aus Flieβgewässern Zentralafrikas.Teil II. Die region um Kisangani, Zentralzaire. Spixiana Supplement, 5, 1–85.
Maddison, W.P. (1993) Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology, 42, 576–581.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/42.4.576
Maddison, W.P. & Maddison, D.R. (2017) Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.2. Available from: http://mesquiteproject.org (accessed 31 August 2020)
Malloch, J.R. (1915) The Chironomidae, or midges, of Illinois, with particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River. Bulletin of the Illinois State laboratory of Natural History, 10, 273–543.
https://doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v10.376
Murray, D.A. & Fittkau, E.J. (1985) The adult males of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region—Keys and diagnoses. Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement, 34, 37–123.
Niitsuma, H. (2001) A new species of the newly recorded genus Larsia (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) from Japan. Species Diversity, 6, 355–362.
https://doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.6.355
Niitsuma, H. (2013) Revision of the Japanese Ablabesmyia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species. Zootaxa, 3664 (4), 479–504.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3664.4.4
Oliveira, C.S.N. & Silva, F.L. (2011) Two new species of Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from Neotropical Region, with a checklist of Larsia species of the world. Zootaxa, 2786 (1), 27–41.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2786.1.2
Sæther, O.A. (1980) Glossary of Chironomid morphology terminology (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 14, 1–51.
Santos, D., Ribeiro, G.C., Cabral, A.D. & Márcia, A.S. (2016) A non–destructive enzymatic method to extract DNA from arthropod specimens: Implications for morphological and molecular studies. PloS one, 13 (2), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192200
Serpa-Filho, A. (2005) Sobre uma nova espécie neotrópica do gênero Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae). Etomologia-y-Vectores, 12, 293–302.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0328-03812005000200013
Silva, F.L. & Ekrem, T. (2016) Phylogenetic relationships of non-biting midges in the subfamily Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) inferred from morphology. Systematic Entomology, 41, 73–92.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12141
Siri, A., Campos, R.E. & Donato, M. (2014) A new species of Larsia Fittkau, 1962 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae) from phytotelmata of Aechmea distichantha Lemaire, 1853 (Bromeliaceae) in Argentina. Aquatic Insects, 36 (2), 125–134.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2015.1045521
Song, C., Lin, X., Wang, Q. & Wang, X. (2018) DNA barcodes successfully delimit morphospecies in a superdiverse insect genus. Zoologica Scripta, 47 (3), 311–324.
https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12284
Sublette, J.E. (1964) Chironomidae midges of California. II. Tanypodinae, Podonominae, and Diamesinae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 115, 85–136.
https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.115-3481.85
Sublette, J.E. & Sasa, M. (1994) Chironomidae collected in onchocerciasis endemic areas of Guatemala (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana Supplement, 20, 1–60.
Tokunaga, M. (1937) Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), IX. Tanypodinae and Diamesinae. Philippine Journal of Science, 62, 21–65.
Wirth, W.W. & Marston, N. (1968) A method for mounting small insects on microscope slides in Canada Balsam. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61, 783–784.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/61.3.783