Abstract
Thraulodes marianoi sp. nov. is described, illustrated and diagnosed based on a single male imago from a subtropical forest at Pico do Marumbi State Park, in the protected area of Mananciais da Serra, state of Paraná, Brazil. Based on the dark coloration of legs and the large dark spot at base of forewing, T. marianoi sp. nov. is similar to species of the niger-group (Peruvian Amazonia) and to T. basimaculatus Giordano & Domínguez, 2005, a species endemic to Bolivia. The new species can be distinguished from all other species in the genus Thraulodes Ulmer, by the combination of following characteristics: (1) four cross-veins basal to bulla in forewing; (2) brown area covering about of proximal half of the forewing; (3) pleura violet; (4) middle and posterior femora yellowish washed with dark brown; (5) terga and sterna I–IV white washed with dark brown on posterior and lateral margin terga and sterna V–X dark brown; (6) penes short and wide with distolateral area, “ear-like” and poorly developed lateral pouch; (7) styliger plate triangular, median projection short and rounded on the apex. This new species represents the first record of the genus from the state of Paraná, Brazil.
References
Araujo, B. & Pinto, A.P. (2020) Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) from Mananciais da Serra, a Tropical, Araucaria-forested ecotonal remnant in the southern Atlantic Forest, state of Paraná, Brazil. Zoologia. [submitted]
Boldrini, R., Dantas, H.A.T.P. & Lima, L.R.C. (2018) New species and new record of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 4527 (2), 277–280.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4527.2.8
Campos, R. & Mariano, R. (2019) New species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 4565 (2), 213–222.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4565.2.5
Coddington, J.A., Agnarsson, I., Miller, J. A., Kuntner, M. & Hormiga, G. (2009) Undersampling bias: the null hypothesis for singleton species in tropical arthropod surveys. Journal of Animal Ecology, 78, 573–584.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01525.x
Dayrat, B. (2005) Towards integrative taxonomy. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85 (3), 407–417.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00503.x
De Araujo, B.R. & Pinto, A.P. (2020) Dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) from Mananciais da Serra, a Tropical, Araucaria-forested ecotonal remnant in the southern Atlantic Forest, state of Paraná, Brazil. Zoologia. [submitted]
Demoulin, G. (1966) Contribution à l’étude des Éphéméroptères du Surinam. Bulletin del’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 42 (37), 1–22.
Domínguez, E., Molineri, C., Pescador, M., Hubbard, M.D. & Nieto, C. (2006) Aquatic biodiversity. In: Latin America. Vol. 2. Ephemeroptera of South America, Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, 642 pp.
Eaton, A.E. (1883–1888) A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology Series, 3, 1–352.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1883.tb01550a.x
Faria, L.R.R. & Salles, F.F. (2019) An unexpected record of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae) in the Paraná Basin, Brazil. Check List, 15, 375–378.
https://doi.org/10.15560/15.3.375
Francischetti, C.N., Raymundo, T.S. & Salles, F.F. (2019) A new species of Thraulodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Zoosymposia, 16 (1), 88–95.
https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zoosymposia.16.1.9
Gama-Neto, J.L., Passos, M.A.B., Cruz, J.A. & Souza, N.T. (2018) New records of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) from Roraima State, Northern Brazil. EntomoBrasilis, 11, 33–40.
https://doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v11i1.748
Giordano, J.A. & Domínguez, E. (2005) Thraulodes basimaculatus sp. n., a new species of mayfly from Bolivia: (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae). Zootaxa, 1040 (1), 45–48.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1040.1.4
Gonçalves, I.G., Da-Silva, E.R. & Nessimian, J.L. (2013) Thraulodes bonito sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Rio de Janeiro State, Southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 3669 (2), 153–158.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3669.2.6
Jörger, K.M. & Schrödl, M. (2013) How to describe a cryptic species? Practical challenges of molecular taxonomy. Frontiers in Zoology, 10 (1), 59. [p. 1–27]
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-10-59
Kimmins, D.E. (1960) The Ephemeroptera types of species described by A.E. Eaton, R. McLachlan and F. Walker, with particular reference to those in the British Museum (Natural History). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology, 9, 269–318.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.27553
Kluge, N.J. (2008) A new taxon Hermanellonota, or subtribe Hermanellini subtr.n. (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae, Hagenulini), with description of three new species from Peruvian Amazonia. Russian Entomological Journal, 16 (4), 127–137.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3760.4.2
Kluge, N.J. (2020) Systematic position of Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and descriptions of new and little-known species. Zootaxa, 4756 (1), 1–142.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4756.1.1
Lim, G. S., Balke, M. & Meier, R. (2011) Determining species boundaries in a world full of rarity: singletons, species delimitation methods. Systematic Biology, 61 (1), 165–169.
https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr030
Lima, L.R., Mariano, R. & Pinheiro, U. (2013) New species for Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) and the first key to adults from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3709 (3), 230–242.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3709.3.2
Monjardim, M., Paresque, R. & Salles, F.F. (2020) Phylogeny and classification of Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) with an emphasis on Neotropical fauna. Systematic Entomology, 45 (2), 415–429.
https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12402
Needham, J.G. & Murphy, H.E. (1924) Neotropical mayflies. Bulletin of the Lloyd Library Number 24. Entomological Series 4, 1–79.
Peters, W.L. (1971) A revision of the Leptophlebiidae of the West Indies (Ephemeroptera). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 62, 1–48.
Raimundi, E.A., Salles, F.F. & Souza-Franco, G.M.D. (2013) Fauna of Leptophlebiidae Banks (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) on fragments of the Atlantic Forest from west region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 13 (4), 57–70.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000400006
Raimundi, E.A. & de Freitas, T.R.O. (2019) First record of Ephemeridae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) from Rio Grande do Sul and its rediscover from South of Brazil. Pan American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 14, 151–155. [https://panamjas.org/pdf_artigos/PANAMJAS_14(2)_151-155.pdf]
Reginato, M. & Goldenberg, R. (2007) Análise florística, estrutural e fitogeográfica da vegetação em região de transição entre as Florestas Ombrófilas Mista e Densa Montana, Piraquara, Paraná, Brasil. Hoehnea, 34 (3), 349–360.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000100011
Salles, F.F., Molineri, C., Nieto, C., Lima, L.R.C., Dias, L.C., Boldrini, R., Mariano, R. & Domínguez, E. (2020) Ephemeroptera da América do Sul. Available from: http://www.ephemeroptera.com.br/ (accessed 7 April 2020)
Sanepar—Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná (2020) Available from: http://www.simepar.br/ (accessed 22 January 2020)
Sartori, M. & Brittain, J.E. (2015) Order Ephemeroptera. In: Thorp, J. & Rogers, D.C. (Eds.), Ecology and General Biology: Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 873–891.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00034-6
Souto, P.M., Da-Silva, E.R. & Nessimian, J.L. (2014) Two new species of Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Southeast Brazil. Zootaxa, 3760 (4), 571–578.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3760.4.6
Traver, J.R. & Edmunds, G.F. Jr. (1967) A Revision of the genus Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America, 5, 349–395.
Ulmer, G. (1920) Neue Ephemeropteren. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 85A (11), 1–80.