Abstract
The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Pteronarcys sachalina Klapálek was sequenced and compared with those of two other salmonflies for the first time. The mitogenome of P. sachalina was 16,180 bp in length, with an A+T content of 70.6%. The uniform set of 37 genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes) and a long control region (1431 bp) were all annotated. Most PCGs had standard ATN start codons and TAN stop codons. COX1 exhibited the highest evolutionary rate among the 13 PCGs of sequenced species of Pteronarcyidae. ND2 was truncated at the 3′ end when compared with congeners. Most tRNA genes had typical cloverleaf secondary structures, whereas the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of trnS1 was reduced. Tandem repeats and stem-loop (SL) structures were predicted in the control region of P. sachalina. Conserved sequences were found in control regions of the three already sequenced salmonflies, P. sachalina, Pteronarcys princeps Banks, and Pteronarcella badia (Hagen).
References
Banks, N. (1900 [1899]) New genera and species of Nearctic neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 26 (3), 239–259.
Banks, N. (1907) A list of Perlidae from British Columbia and Alberta. Canadian Entomologist, 39 (10), 325–330.
https://doi.org/10.4039/Ent39325-10
Bernt, M., Donath, A., Jühling, F., Externbrinka, F., Florentz, C., Fritzsch, G., Pützh, J., Middendorf, M. & Stadler, P.F. (2013) MITOS: Improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69, 313–319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.023
Cui, Y., Béthoux, O., Kondratieff, B., Shih, C. & Ren, D. (2016) The first fossil salmonfly (Insecta: Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae), back to the Middle Jurassic. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (1), 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0787-9
Chen, Z.T. & Du, S.K. (2020) Rediscovery of the only known salmonfly from China, Pteronarcys sachalina Klapálek, 1908 (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae). Aquatic Insects, 41 (2), 174–183.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2020.1727928
Chen, Z.T. & Du, Y.Z. (2017) First mitochondrial genome from Nemouridae (Plecoptera) reveals novel features of the elongated control region and phylogenetic implications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18, 996.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18050996
Chen, Z.T., Mu, L.X., Wang, J.R. & Du, Y.Z. (2016) Complete mitochondrial genome of the citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): implications for the phylogeny of whiteflies. PLoS ONE, 11 (8), e0161385.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161385
Chen, Z.T., Zhao, M.Y., Xu, C. & Du, Y.Z. (2018) Molecular phylogeny of Systellognatha (Plecoptera: Arctoperlaria) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 111, 542–547.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.065
DeWalt, R.E., Maehr, M.D., Hopkins, H., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2020) Plecoptera Species File Online. Available from http://Plecoptera.SpeciesFile.org/ (accessed 9 July 2020)
Ding, S., Li, W., Wang, Y., Cameron, S.L., Murányi, D. & Yang, D. (2019) The phylogeny and evolutionary timescale of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) inferred from mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 135, 123–135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.005
Garey, J.R. & Wolstenholme, D.R. (1989) Platyhelminth mitochondrial DNA: evidence for early evolutionary origin of a tRNAserAGN that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop, and of serine-specifying AGA and AGG codons. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 28, 374–387.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02603072
Hagen, H.A. (1874) Report on the Pseudo-Neuroptera and Neuroptera collected by Lieut. WL Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, 7, 571–606.
Hurst, L.D. (2002) The Ka/Ks ratio: diagnosing the form of sequence evolution. TRENDS in Genetics, 9 (18), 486–487.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02722-1
Klapalek, F. (1908) Pteronarcys sachalina sp. n., die Zweite Asiatische Art der Gattung. (Neuroptera, Plecoptera). Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-Petersbourg, 2, 237–238.
Librado, P. & Rozas, J. (2009) DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25, 1451–1452.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
Nelson, C.H. (1988) Note on the phylogenetic systematics of the family Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera), with a description of the eggs and nymphs of the Asian species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 81 (4), 560–576.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.4.560
Nelson, C.H. & Hanson, J.F. (1971) Contribution to the anatomy and phylogeny of the family Pteronarcidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 97, 123–200.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.4.560
Newman, E. (1838) Entomological Notes. Entomological Magazine, 5, 168–181.
Perna, N.T. & Kocher, T.D. (1995) Patterns of nucleotide composition at fourfold degenerate sites of animal mitochondrial genomes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 41, 353–358.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01215182
Sproul, J.S., Houston, D.D., Nelson, C.R., Evans, R.P., Crandall, K.A. & Shiozawa, D.K. (2015) Climate oscillations, glacial refugia, and dispersal ability: factors influencing the genetic structure of the least salmonfly, Pteronarcella badia (Plecoptera), in Western North America. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 15 (1), 279.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0553-4
Stark, B.P. & Szczytko, S.W. (1982) Egg morphology and phylogeny in Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 75 (5), 519–529.
https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/75.5.519
Stewart, J.B. & Beckenbach, A.T. (2006) Insect mitochondrial genomics 2: the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a giant stonefly, Pteronarcys princeps, asymmetric directional mutation bias, and conserved plecopteran A + T-region elements. Genome, 49 (7), 815–824.
https://doi.org/10.1139/g06-037
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. & Kumar, S. (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 2725–2729.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
Terry, M.D. (2003) Phylogenetic systematics of Plecoptera: Evidence from morphology and six genes. In: Phylogeny of the Polyneopterous Insects With Emphasis on Plecoptera: Molecular and Morpological Evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, pp. 57–91.
Terry, M.D. & Whiting, M.F. (2003) Phylogeny of Plecoptera: molecular evidence and evolutionary trends. Entomologische Abhandlungen, 61, 130–131.
Uchida, S. & Isobe, Y. (1989) Styloperlidae, stat. nov. and Microperlinae, subfam. nov. with a revised system of the family group Systellognatha (Plecoptera). Spixiana, 12 (2), 145–182.
Wei, S.J., Shi, M., Chen, X.X., Sharkey, M.J., van Achterberg, C., Ye, G.Y. & He, J.H. (2010) New views on strand asymmetry in insect mitochondrial genomes. PLoS ONE, 5, e12708.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012708
Zwick, P. (2000) Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 45 (1), 709–746.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709