Abstract
The genus Decticus Serville contains sixteen known species and subspecies, those widely distributed in the Palaearctic, among which three species and subspecies have been recorded in China. Morphological features in specimens of Decticus are variable. Stable characteristics and reliable methods for distict the species and subspcies are required. The geometric morphometrics was conducted to explore morphological variance on structure of right tegmen of Decticus specimens based on 30 landmarks, as well as qualitative analysis on variances of body size, male stridualtory apparatus and genital characters. The male calling songs structures, if available, can be compared and identified species usefully. The results indicate that the analyzed samples suggest two species, D. albifrons (Fabricius, 1775) and D. verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758). D. verrucivorus includes four subspecies, D. v. verrucivorus (Linnaeus, 1758), D. v. crassus Götz, 1970 (a newly recorded subspecies from China), and two new subspecies, D. v. latipennis ssp. n. and D. v. sayram ssp. n.. The songs of D. albifrons and D. v. verrucivorus, D. v. crassus are composed of numerous single chirps. One chirp of D. albifrons consists of one low-amplitude and short-duration syllable, and one high-amplitude and long-duration syllable. One chirp of D. v. verrucivorus consists of five syllables with different amplitudes. One chirp of D. v. crassus consists of five or six syllables with different amplitudes. Illustrations of necessary morphological and bioacoustical characters are presented.
References
Chivers, B.D., Béthoux, Olivier, Sarria-S, F.A., Jonsson, T., Mason, A.C. & Montealegre-Z, F. (2017) Functional morphology of tegmina-based stridulation in the relict species cyphoderris monstrosa (orthoptera: ensifera: prophalangopsidae). The Journal of Experimental Biology, 220 (6), 1112–1121.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.153106
Fan, B.F., Wang, J. & Lu, R.S. (2013) Comparative study on male songs of four species of Tettigoniidae in xinjiang. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 38 (02), 239–245.
Fabricius, J.C. (1775) Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus. in officina libraria Kortii, Flensburgi et Lipsiae, 286 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36510
Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F.M., Cogo, E. & Odé, B. (2002) Guide to the recognition and study of grasshoppers, crickets, mantids and similar insects of Veneto: Blattaria, Mantodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea, Dermaptera, Embidiina. Archaeological Museum of Vicenza, Vicenza, 320 pp.
Götz, W. (1970) Zur Größenvariation im Formenkreis Decticus verrucivorus (Orthoptera, Saltatoria, Tettigoniidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte aus den Staatlichen Museen für Tierkunde und Völkerkunde in Dresden, 31, 174.
Harz, K. (1969) Die Orthopteren Europas I. Series Entomologica, 5, 1–749.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2511-8_1
Heller, K.G. (1988) Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. J. Margraf., Weikersheim, 358 pp.
Huang, R.X. & Yu, Y. (1984) Investigation of Tettigoniidae in Western Tianshan, Xinjiang. Entomological Knowledge, 06, 263–265.
Ingrisch, S, Willemse, F. & Heller, K.G. (1992) Eine neue Unterart des Warzenbeissers Decticus verrucivorus (Linnaeus 1758) aus Spanien (Ensifera: Tettigoniidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 102 (10), 173–177.
Kaliontzopoulou, A., Carretero, M.A. & Llorente, G.A. (2007) Multivariate and geometric morphometrics in theanalysis of sexual dimorphism variation in Podarcis lizards. Journal of Morphology, 268 (2), 152–165.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10494
Kaya, S., Chobanov, D. & Зiplak, B. (2014) Review of Psorodonotus Specularis Group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): two new species from North-east Anatolia. Zootaxa, 3895 (3), 367–400.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3895.3.3
Klingenberg, C.P. (2011) MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources, 11, 353–357.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02924.x
Lima, R.M., Schuchmann, K.L., Tissiani, A.S., Nunes, L.A., Jahn, O., Ganchev, T.D., Marcos Gonçalves, L. & Marinêz, I.M. (2018) Tegmina-size variation in a neotropical cricket with implications on spectral song properties. Journal of Natural History, 52 (19–20), 1225–1241.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1457728
Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae. Vol. 1. 10th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 431 pp.
Massa, B., Fontana, P., Buzzetti, F.M., Kleukers, R.M.J.C. & Odé, B. (2012) Fauna d’Italia. Orthoptera, 48, 208.
Mitteroecker, P. & Gunz, P. (2009) Advances in geometric morphometrics. Evolutionary Biology, New York, 36 (2), 235–247.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-009-9055-x
O.S.F. (2019) Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0). Available from: http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx (accessed 22 April 2020)
Ragge, D.R. & Reynolds, W.J. (1998) The songs of the grasshoppers and crickets of Western Europe. Harley Books, London, 612 pp.
Rohlf, F.J. (1993) Relative warp analysis and an example of its application to mosquito wings. In: Marcus, L.F., Bello, E. & Garcia-Valdecasas, A. (Eds.), Contributions to Morphometrics. Vol. 8. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, pp. 131–159
Rohlf, F.J. (2004) tpsUtil. File utility program. Version 1.26. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. [program]
Rohlf, F.J. (2017) The method of random skewers. Evolutionary Biology, 44, 542–550.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-017-9425-8
Rohlf, F.J. (2017) tpsRelw. File utility program. Version 1.69. Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York. [program]
Šegula, B. & Gomboc, S. (2014) Pojoše kobilice Slovenije/Singing Orthoptera of Slovenia. Napevi/Songs. EGEA, Zavod za naravo, Ljubljana. [CD]
Sergeev, M.G. (1992) Distribution patterns of orthoptera in north and central asia. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 182 (1), 14–24.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3503557
Serville, J.G.A. (1831) Revue méthodique des insectes de l’ordre des Orthoptères. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 22 (86), 155.
Stolyarov, M.V. (2005) New data on distribution and taxonomy of the Orthoptera from Caucasus. 1. Stenopelmatoidea and Tettigonioideа. Proceedings of the Russian Entomological Society, St. Petersburg, 76, 62–71.
Storozhenko, S.Y. & Paik, J.C. (2007) Orthoptera of Korea 73. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 232 pp.
Tarbinsky, S. P. (1930) On some new and little known Orthoptera from Palaearctic Asia III. Zeitschrift für Systematische Insektenkunde, Konowia, 9, 181.
Wang, X.S. (2016) The study of songs of Common Katydids from northeast of China. Doctoral dissertation). Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 60 pp.
Willemse, L.P.M., Kleukers, R. & Ode, B. (2018) The grasshoppers of Greece. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 440 pp.
Zhang, X. (2016) Research on the acoustic signals and organs of some Tettigoniidae species. Doctoral dissertation, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 133 pp.