Abstract
The geometrid genera Synopsia Hübner, 1825 and Synopsidia Djakonov, 1935 are revised, both being earlier validated at genus rank. Type specimens, original descriptions and additional specimens from different localities were examined. The revision is based on morphological characters, molecular data and distribution records. As a result, Synopsidia syn. nov. is regarded as junior synonym of the genus Synopsia. The synonymies of the species Scodonia tekkearia Christoph, 1883 and Synopsia znojkoi Djakonov, 1935 with Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Rogenhofer, 1873) comb. nov. are confirmed. Furthermore, Synopsidia phasidaria alvandi Wiltshire, 1966 syn. nov., Synopsidia phasidaria ardschira Brandt, 1938 syn. nov., Synopsidia phasidaria chiraza Brandt, 1938 syn. nov., Hashtaresia jodes Wehrli, 1936 syn. nov. and Synopsidia phasidaria mirabica Wehrli, 1941 syn. nov. are regarded as synonyms of Synopsia phasidaria phasidaria (Rogenhofer, 1873) comb. nov.. Synopsia phasidaria afghana (Wiltshire, 1966) comb. nov. is tentatively validated at subspecific rank. Synopsia centralis (Wiltshire, 1966) comb. nov., bona sp. is upgraded from subspecies to species level. Wing pattern, as well as male and female genitalia and diagnostic characters of examined genera and species are illustrated and analyzed. The distribution patterns of Synopsia phasidaria comb. nov. and Synopsia centralis bona sp., as well as the type localities of all discussed taxa, are provided. A complete checklist of the genus is given.
References
Ahola, M., Junnilainen, J., Kaitila, J.-P., Nupponen, K. Olschwang, V.N. & Mihailov, Yu. E. (1999) Materials of the Lepidoptera recorded from the Urals. In: Gaiduzhenko, L.L., Ageev C.G., Zaikov, V.V. & Zdanovich, G.B. (Eds.), Natural systems of Southern Urals. Records of Arkaim Nature Reserve. University of Cheliabinsk, Cheliabinsk, pp. 265–283.
Beljaev, E. (2016) Geometroidae, Geometridae. In: Leley, A.S. (Ed.), Anotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Vol. 2 Lepidoptera. Dalnuaka, Vladivostok, pp. 518–666.
Beljaev, E.A. & Mironov, V.G. (2019) Geometridae. In: Sinev, S.Yu. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Russia. Second Edition. St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute RAS, pp. 235–281.
Brandt, W. (1938) Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna von Iran. Neue Gattungen, Arten und Formen (Macrolepidoptera). Entomologische Rundschau, 55, 1–72.
Djakonov, (1935) Un nouveau representant du genre Synopsia LD. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) de la Transcaucasie. Lambillionea, 35, pp. 142–147.
Duponchel, P.A.J. (1830) s.n. Godart, J.B. & Duponchel, P.A.J., Histoire naturelle des leìpidopteÌres ou papillons de France, 8 (1), 1–598.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.9257
Evenhuis, N.L. (2007) The Insect and Spider Collections of the World website of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Available from: http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-r-us.html (accessed 14 May 2018)
Hausmann, A., Viidalepp, J. & Mironov V. (2004) Fauna Europaea: Geometridae. In: Karsholt, O. & Nieukerken, E.J. van (Eds.), Lepidoptera, Moths. Fauna Europaea. Version 1.0. Available from: http://www.faunaeur.org (accessed 6 October 2020)
Hausmann, A., Viidalepp, J. & Mironov, V. (2011) Fauna Europaea: Geometridae. In: Karsholt, O. & Nieukerken, E.J. van (Eds.), Lepidoptera, Moths. Fauna Europaea. Version 2.4. Available from: http://www.faunaeur.org (accessed 6 October 2020)
Ivanova, N.V., deWaard, J.R. & Hebert, P.D.N. (2006) An inexpensive, automation-friendly protocol for recovering high-quality DNA. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6, 998–1002.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01428.x
Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16, 111–120.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35 (6), 1547–1549.
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
Lederer, J. (1853) Die Spanner (Als Fortsetzung des im vorigen Jahre dieser Zeitschrift enthaltenen Aufsatzes: „Versuch, die europäischen Lepidopteren in möglichst natürliche Reihenfolge zu stellen.“). Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien, 3, pp. 167–255.
Lehmann, L. & Zahiri, R. (2011) Results of a lepidopterological expedition to North and Northwest Iran in summer 2007 with new records for Iran (Lepidoptera). Esperiana, 16, 135–165.
Mironov, V.G., Beljaev, E.A., & Vasilenko, S.V. (2008) s.n. In: Sinev, S. Yu. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Russia. KMK Scientific press, St. Petersburg, pp. 190–226.
Murillo-Ramos, L., Brehm, G., Sihvonen, P., Hausmann, A., Holm, S., Reza Ghanavi, H., OÞunap, E., Truuverk, A., Staude, H., Friedrich, E., Tammaru, T. & Wahlberg, N. (2019) A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies. PeerJ, 7, e7386.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7386
Mü̈ller, B., Erlacher, S., Hausmann, A., Rajaei, H., Sihvonen, P. & Skou, P. (2019) Ennominae II. In: Hausmann, A., Rajaei, H., Sihvonen, P. & Skou, P. (Eds.), The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 6. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1–906.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004387485_001
Prout, L.B. (1912–1916) Die Spanner des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 4. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 1–479.
Ride, W.D.L., Cogger, H.G., Dupuis C., Kraus O., Minelli A., Thompson F.C., & Tubbs, P.K. (1999) International code of zoological nomenclature. 4th Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, The Natural History Museum, London, 306 pp.
Robinson, G.S. (1976) The preparation of slides of Lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the Microlepidoptera. Entomologist’s Gazette, 27, 127–132.
Scoble, M.J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Vol. 1 & 2. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria and Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1200 pp.
Scoble, M.J. & Hausmann, A. (2007) Online list of valid and available names of the Geometridae of the World. Updated. Available from:
http://www.herbulot.de/globalspecieslist.htm (accessed 18 November 2018)
Skou, P. & Sihvonen, P. (2015) Ennominae. In: Hausmann, A. (Ed.), The Geometrid Moths of Europe. Vol. 5. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1–657.
Sihvonen, P. (2001) Everted vesicae of the Timandra griseata group: methodology and differential features (Geometridae, Sterrhinae). Nota lepidopterologica, 24 (3), 57–64.
Stecher, G., Tamura, K. & Kumar S. (2020). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) for macOS. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 37 (4), 1237–1239. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz312
Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U.S.S.R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp.
Wanke, D., Bigalk, S., Krogmann, L., Wendt, I. & Rajaei, H. (2019) The Fixator—A simple method for mounting of arthropod specimens and photography of complex structures in liquid. Zootaxa, 4657 (2), 385–391.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4657.2.11
Wanke, D. & Rajaei, H. (2018) An effective method for the close up photography of insect genitalia during dissection: a case study on the Lepidoptera. Nota lepidopterologica, 4, 219– 223.
https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.41.27831
Warren, W. (1894) New genera and species of Geometridae. Novitates zoologicae, 1, 366–466.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.24566
Wehrli, E. (1936) Nouveau genre, nouvelles espèces et races des Monts Elbors de l´Iran, de Transcaucasie ed d`Asie mineure (Lép. Géom.). Lambillionea, 36 (12), 276–283.
Wehrli, E. (1939–1954) Die Spanner des Palaearktischen Faunengebietes. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Vol. 4. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 254–766.
Wiltshire, E.P. (1966) Österreichische entomologische Iran-Afghanistan-Expeditionen, Beiträge zur Lepidopterenfauna, Teil 10, Subfamilien Larentiinae und Ennominae (sensu lato) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Middle East Lepidoptera XXIII. Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 51, 138–152.